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ROMAN LIFE

LATIN PROSE AND VERSE

ILLUSTRATIVE READINGS FROM LATIN
LITERATURE

SELECTED AND EDITED BY

HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D.

PROFESSOR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, COLUMBIA COLLEGE

AND

ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.

PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN, TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

C0LLE6E «F LIBERAL ARTS

LIBRARy

NEW YORK •:■ CINCINNATI .:• CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

••.,?>

ROMAN LIFE

lPrinte^ bi^

TlQliUiain Hvison

•Rew ISorft, 'U. S. B.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

In the preparation of this volume the needs of three classes
of students have been kept constantly in mind. Primarily, it is
intended for the use of those whose plan of work makes it impos-
sible for them to devote to the study of Latin more than a limited
amount of time, yet who are nevertheless desirous of becoming
familiar with what is most famous in the literature of the language,
and of gaining incidentally some general knowledge of the life and
thought of ancient Rome. It is intended also to provide for school
and college classes, in the sight-reading of Latin, a wider, more
interesting, and more instructive course than is offered by any
existing volume designed for rapid reading. Finally, it aims to be
.a history of Latin letters, giving in concise and practical form an
outline of the development of Roman literature from its earliest
days, as illustrated in the most characteristic and striking passages
that have descended to us. It is, therefore, meant either to be read
as supplementary to a regular course in Latin literature, or to be
made itself the fundamental work in such a course.

The general plan of the book is to give, in chronological order,
and grouped under the author's names, so far as these are known,
such selections as will not only show the individuality of the writer
and the quality of his literary style, but also reveal something of the
life, manners, and opinions of the age in which he wrote. Thus, the
first selection in the book is made, not from purely literary sources,

4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

but from the Roman folk-songs, the popular rhymes, and the verses
sung by children in their play — all antedating the beginnings of
written literature. In like manner, the editors have given, in their
proper chronological order, other material of a popular nature, such
as the advertisements found upon the walls of Pompeii, lampoons
and parodies, theatrical and gladiatorial notices, announcements of
ball- games, epitaphs upon tombstones, and old saws and maxims, all
of which, though not themselves literature, throw a flood of light
upon much that is found in literature and upon the life and customs
of those for whom the literature was written.

In the purely literary extracts, the editors have ranged over a
wide field, so as to make the collection a thoroughly representative
one. The selections cover the early dramatists, the historians,
orators, and philosophers, the writers of satire and epigram, the
lyric and epic poets, the collectors of anecdotes, the letter-writers,
and the authors of prose fiction. The last reading in the book is
one of the early Christian hymns.

To the selections from each author is prefixed a concise account
of his life, his works, and his place in the history of Latin literature,
with a notice of the best editions of the text, the best commentary,
and the best literary translations. These, taken together, give a
conspectus of the development of the literature and a working
bibliography of the most recent classical publications. This bibli-
ography aims only to direct the reader to the best works easily
accessible to him in any good public or college library ; and the
references are in most instances only to works in the English
language.

To facilitate the use of the book in classes formed for the reading
of Latin at sight, the more difficult words are translated at the
bottom of each page. Fuller notes relating to special points are

INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 5

given at the end of the book. Several of the selections thus anno-
tated have never before been published with an English commentary,
so that the volume may be of interest to advanced students of Latin,
as well as to those for whom the book is primarily intended. The
commentary is designed to afford only such assistance as is necessary
to the understanding of the selections as parts of literature, and not
at all as material for drill in parsing. There are, therefore, no gram-
matical references and few discussions of grammatical points. The
notes are intended to treat only the matters of allusion, style, and
construction which would naturally come up for notice in the class-
room.

It has been the plan of the editors throughout, in making the
selections, to choose only such passages as are in themselves com-
plete, embodying an entire episode or a finished thought. The
collection is, therefore, not a collection of fragments, but a group
of literary gems, selected and arranged upon a definite plan and
with a distinct purpose kept steadily in view. It is believed that a
book of this character will be welcome to those teachers who have
vainly sought for a relief from the commonplace ; and that it will,
in making the study of Latin more attractive, create and stimulate
in the student a desire for a still wider course of reading.

August. 1894.

HARRY THURSTON PECK.
ROBERT ARROWSMITH.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

I. Popular Songs, Charms, etc. page

Nursery Song 13

A Charm against Foot-ache 13

Verse for a Race 13

A Charm against Sprains 13

Weather Wisdom 14

To a Miser 14

Boating Song 14

The Nightingale 14

Serenade 17

Triumphal Song of the Roman Army 17

II. Tomb Inscriptions . . .18

III. Ennius.

The Fortune Tellers 20

The Poet's Picture of Himself 20

Alliterative Line 21

Pyrrhus to the Romans 21

The Poet's Epitaph 21

IV. Plautus.

A Roman Drinking Bout 22

The Young Man and the Extravagant Girl .... 24

Two Married Men 25

V. Cato the Censor.

How to treat Slaves 27

VI. Lucretius.

Death is not to be dreaded 30

The Early Days of the World .... . . 31

The Plague at Athens 37

8 CONTEXTS.

VII. Catullus. page

Lesbia's Sparrow 42

The Kisses 42

To Cicero 43

A Eoman Wedding Song 43

Marriage Hymn 47

A Roman Swell 50

VIII. Caesar.

The Customs and Religion of the Gauls 53

The Hercynian Forest 57

IX. PUBLILIUS SyRUS.

Saws and Maxims 59

X. Cicero.

The Pi-aises of Literature 62

A Good Old Age 64

A Letter from Exile QQ

XI. Vergil.

Mine Hostess 70

Laocoon 71

The Harpies 73

The Cyclops 74

The Descent into Hell 77

XII. Maecenas.

A Lover of Life 84

To Horace 84

XIII. Horace.

The Flirt 86

Live while we Live 86

Integer Vitae 87

Chloe, the Bud 87

Fons Bandusiae 88

A Voyage on a Canal Boat 89

The Night Hags 90

The Poet and the Bore 92

A Dinner Invitation 95

A True Philosopher 96

Some Famous Passages 97

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.
XXIV.

CONTENTS. 9

O^II>- . PAGE

The Rape of the Sabines ..,,,... 103

A Popular Holiday .104

Atalanta's Race 104

The Poet's Banishment from Rome 109

LlVY.

The Founding of Rome 11.3

Horatius at the Bridge 11,5

The Deed of Mucins Scaevola 116

Petronius.

A Parvenu's Dinner Party 119

The Werewolf 124

Pliny the Elder.

The Jewels of Loilia Paulina 126

A Cure for the Hydrophobia 127

Doctors at Rome 128

QCINTILIAN.

On the Whipping of Boys in School 132

Some Roman Jokes 1,33

Martial.

Thirteen Epigrams 135

Juvenal.

City Life in Rome . 138

The Bluestocking 144

Mens Sana in Corpore Sano 14-5

Pliny the Younger.

The Eruption of Vesuvius 146

A Haunted House 150

An Account of the Christians 152

Gaius.

The Business Capacity of Women 154

Wall Inscriptions from Pompeii and Rome .... 155

Tacitus.

A British Chieftain to his Warriors 158

An Account of the Germans 160

10 CONTENTS.

XXV. Suetonius. page

The Golden House of Nero 163

The Madness of Caligula 165

XXVI. Hadrian.

The Retort Courteous 170

The Departing Soul 171

XXVII. The Last Will and Testament of a Little Pig . . 172

XXVIII. Aulus Gellius.

A Woman Hater 174

Socrates and Xanthippe 175

The Ring Finger 176

Some Superstitions 177

Milo's Strange Death 178

The Story of Arion 178

XXIX. Early Christian Hymns.

Veni, Redemptor 182

Dies Irae , , 183

Ut iucundas = „ , , 185

Suggestions for Collateral Reading . . . » . . . 186

Notes 189

Index to Notes 255

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Roman Triumph. Relief from the Arch of Titus 17

Tomb of the Scipios. Vatican Museum . . . . . . .18

Bust of Ennius, from the Tomb of the Scipios 20

Comic Masks. Gulil and Koner 22

Comedy Scene. Wall-painting from Pompeii, Naples Museum . . ,24

Aldobrandini Marriage. Vatican Library 44

Preparing a Roman Bride. Von Falke 48

Bust of Caesar. Naples Museum 51

Death of Caesar. Painting by Gerome 52

Head of Gaul. Relief from Sarcophagus, Villa Amendola, Rome . . 53

Dying Gaul. Capitoline Museum 56

Roman Forum. Restoration, Von Falke To face 61

Bust of Cicero. Capitoline Museum 61

Vergil, Horace, Maecenas, and Varius. Painting by Jalabert ... 68

Fresco, Pompeii 70

Laocoon. Vatican To face 72

Harpy. Vase painting from Volsci, Berlin Antiquarium .... 73

Blinding of Polyphemus. Etruscan wall painting, Tarquinii ... 75

Horace. Gem in British Museum 85

Appian Way. Restoration, Von Falke 89

So-called Temple of Vesta. Photograph 93

Atalanta's Race. Painting by Poynter 105

Wolf Statue. Capitoline Museum . . . , o o . . 113

12 ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Hut Urn from Alba Longa. British Museum 114

The Carousal. Painting by Alma Tadema . , 120

Roman Larder. Herculaneum 123

Miliarium. Von Falke ...,..»... 124

Surgical Instruments. Pompeii 128

Chariot Race. Painting by Gerome 139

Reda. Von Falke 140

Wine Cart. Fresco at Pompeii 141

Head of Girl. Pompeii 144

Vesuvius and Pompeii. Prom a photograph 147

Cast of Body. Pompeii Museum 149

Greek House. Restoration, Von Falke 151

Supposed Caricature of the Crucifixion, Palace of the Caesars. Kircherian

Museum, Rome 153

Labora Aselle. GrafiBto, Palace of the Caesars, Rome .... 155

Labyrinth. Graffito, Pompeii 166

Caricature of Roman Soldier. Pompeii 157

Bust of Nero. Paris 163

Palace of the Caesars. Restoration by Benvenuto 164

Pollice Verso. Painting by Gerome 168

Bust of Hadrian. British Museum 170

Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castle of St. Angelo), Rome. From a photograph 171

Cutler's Shop. Relief, Vatican 172

Sacrifice of a Pig. Pompeian Bas-relief 173

Snake Ring. British Museum 176

Reversible Ring. Daremberg and Saglio 176

Chamber in the Roman Catacombs ........ 181

I. POPULAR SONGS, CHARMS, ETC.

Comparatively few of the Roman popular songs of classical times have de-
scended to us. Such as exist are in the main preserved by casual quotations in
such authors as Plautus, Cato, and Varro, in inscriptions and in the scholiasts.
The fact that Roman literature, as v^e have it, is so largely influenced by Greek
models, gives it a certain artificiality and restraint that prevent it from assimi-
lating the crude material found in the earlier popular compositions which the
over-refined writers of the Augustan Age regarded as vulgar. Such specimens
of the folk-songs, proverbs, spells, and language as are known to us can be found
collected by Bahrens in his Fragmenta Foetarum Bomanorum (Leipzig, 1886).
Reference may be made to Du Meril's Poesies Fopulaires Latines (Paris, 1843).
Cf. the introductions on pp. 18, 154 and 181.

Nursery Song.
Lalla/ lalla, lalla, aut dormi aut lacta.

A Charm against Foot-ache.
Terra pestem teneto, salus ^ hie maneto.

Verse for a Race.
Habeat scabiem" quisquis ad me venerit novissimus.^

A Charm agaiyist Sprains.
Huat, hanat, liiiat,^ ista pista sista.^

bye-bye. ^ health. 3 the pest. * last of all. ^ hocus-pocus. ^ = istain pestem sistam.

14 POPULAR SONGS, CHARMS, ETC.

Weather Wisdom.

Hiberno pulvere verno luto,^
Grandia farra,- camille,^ metes.

To a Miser.

Quod liabes ne habeas et illuc"* quod non liabes, habeas, malum:
Quando equidem nee tibi bene esse pote pati neque alteri.

Boating Song.

Heia/ viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia !
Arbiter ^ effusi late maris ore sereno
Placatum stravit pelagus posuitque procellam/
Edomitique vago sederunt pondere fluctus.
5 Heia, viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia !

Annisu^ parili tremat ictibus acta carina.
Nunc dabit arridens pelago concordia caeli
Ventorum motu praegnanti ^ currere velo.

Heia, viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia !
10 Aequora prora secet delphinis aemula saltu

Atque gemat largum, promat seseque lacertis.
Pone trahens canum deducat et orbita^*' sulcum.

Heia, viri, nostrum reboans echo sonet heia!

Aequore flet corns : " vocitemus nos tamen heia !

15 Convulsum remis spumet mare: nos tamen heia!
Vocibus adsiduis litus resonet : tamen heia !

The Nightingale ; or, The Language of Birds and Beasts.

Dulcis amica veni, noctis solatia praestans ;
Inter aves et enim nulla tui similis.

1 mire. 2 crops. 3 my boy. * = illud. ^ yoho 1 ^ the lord. '' blast. « pull. ^ swelling.
10 track. ^1 north wind.

THE NIGHTINGALE. 15

Tu, pliilomela, potes vocum discrimina mille,

Mille vales varios rite referre nioclos.
Nam quamvis aliae volucres modulamina temptent, 5

Nulla potest modulos aequiperare tuos.
Insuper est avium spatiis garrire diurnis :

Tu cantare simul nocte dieque potes.
Parrus ^ enim quamquam per noctem tinnipet omnem,

Stridula vox nulli iure placere potest. 10

Dulce per ora sonat, dicunt quam nomine droscam/

Sed fugiente die ilia quieta silet.
Et merulus^ modulans tarn pulchris zinzitat odis,

Nocte ruente tamen cantica nulla can it.
Vere calente novo componit acredula * cantus 15

Matutinali tempore rurirulans.
Tunc turdus ^ trucilat, sturnus ^ tunc pusitat ore ;

Sed quod mane canunt, vespere non recolunt.
Caccabat hinc perdix ^ et graccitat improbus anser,

Et castus turtur atque columba gemunt. 20

Pausitat arborea damans de fronde palumbes

In fluviisque natans forte tetrinnit anas.^
Grus^ gruit in grumis, cygni prope flumina drensant,

Accipitres ^" pipant milvus" hiansque lupit.
Cucurrire solet gallus, gallina cacillat, 25

Paupulat et pavo, trissat hirundo ^- vaga.
Dum clangunt aquilae, vultur pulpare probatur,

Et crocitat corvus, fringulit et graculus.^^
Glottorat immenso maerens ciconia^^ rostro,

Pessimus et passer ^^ sons titiare solet. 30

Psittacus ^^ humanas depromit voce loquellas

Atque suo domino chaere sonat uel ave.
Pica ^'' loquax varias concinnat gutture voces,

2 throstle. ^ blackbird. * owl. ^ thrush. ^ starling-. ^ partridge. ^ duck. ^ crane.
" kite. 12 swallow, ^3 jackdaw, ** stork. ^^ sparrow, ^^ parrot, ^^ magpie.

16 POPULAK SONGS, CHARMS, ETC.

Scurrili strepitii omne quod audit ait.
35 Et cuculi cuculant et rauca cicada fritinnit.

Bombilat ore legens munera mellis apis.
Bubilat horrendum ferali murmure bubo

Humano generi tristia fata ferens.
Strix ^ nocturna sonans et uespertilio ^ stridunt,
40 Noctua ^ lucif ugax cucubit in tenebris.

Ast ululant ululae lugubri uoce canentes

Inque paludiferis butio ^ butit aquis.
Regulus^ atque merops^ et rubro pectore prognis^

Consimili modulo zinzilulare sciunt.
45 Scribere me voces avium philomela coegit,

Quae cantu cunctas exsuperat volucres.
Sed iam quadrupedum fari discrimina vocum

Nemine cogente nunc ego sponte sequar.
Tigrides indomitae raccant rugiuntque leones,
50 Panther caurit amans, pardus ^ hiando felit.

Dum lynces urcando fremunt, ursus ferns uncat,

Atque lupus ululat, frendit agrestis aper.
Et barrus ^ barrit, cervi clocitant et onagri ;

Ac taurus mugit, et celer liinnit equus.
55 Quirritat et verres ^^ setosus et oncat asellus,

Blatterat liinc aries et pia balat ovis.
Sordida sus subiens ruris per gramina grunnit,

At miccire caprae, hirce petulce," soles.
Eite canes latrant, fallax vulpecula gannit,
60 Glattitat et catulus ac lepores vagiunt.

Mus avidus mintrit, velox mustelaque ^^ drindat,

Et grillus ^^ grillat, desticat inde sorex.^'*
Ecce venenosus serpendo sibilat anguis,

Garrula limosis rana coaxat aquis.

1 screech owl. 2 ]jat. 3 night owl. * bittern, b wren. <5 bee-eater. ^ swallow. ^ leop
elephant. ^" boar, ^i butting. 12 weasel. '3 cricket. ^* shrewmouse.

TRIUMPHAL SONG. 17

Has volucrum voces describens quadrupedumque 65

Cautus discrimen cuique simm dederam.

Serenade. (Plautus, CurcnUo, i. 2, 60 foil.)

Pessuli/ heus, pessuli, vos saliito lubens,

Vos aiiio, vos volo, vos peto atque obsecro,

Gerite amanti mihi morem ^ amoenissumi :

Fite causa mea^ ludii barbari,

Subsilite, obsecro, et mittite istanc ^ foras 5

Quae mihi misero amanti ebibit sanguinem.

Hoc vide ! ut dormiunt pessuli pessumi !

Nee mea gratia commovent se ocius.

Respicio nihili meam vos gratiam facere.^

Triumphal Song of the Roman Army. (Vopiscus, Aurel. 6.)

ROMAN TRIUMPH,

Unus homo^ mille mille niille decollavimus V
Mille mille mille mille bibat qui mille occidit ;
Tantum vini nemo habet quantum fudit sanguinis !

1 bolts, i.e. of the lady's door. ^ gerite morem, oblige me. ^ foi- jj,y sake. * her, i.e. my
love. 5 nihili facere, don't care for my good will, s as a single man. ^ beheaded.
ROM. LIFE 2

II. TOMB INSCRIPTIONS.

Inscriptions upon tombs are among the earliest remains of Roman literature,
and are of importance in the study of the development of the language. They
are frequently written in the rough accentual verse (versus Saturninus) which the
Romans employed before the introduction of the more formal Greek prosody.
Numbers of them are collected in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin,
1862 ff.), especially in the first volume. See also Wordsworth's Fragments and
Specimens of Early Latin (Oxford, 1874), and for the epitaphs in the Cata-
combs, De Rossi's Inscriptiones Christianae (Rome, 1857-61). An Introduction
to the Study of Latin Inscriptions, by J. C. Egbert, Jr. ; in press (N. Y., 1895).

Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

Epitaph of a Roman Matron. (C. I. L. i. 1007.)

Hospes,^ quod dico paullum est ; asta ac perlege.
Hie est sepulcrum hau pulcrum pulcrae feminae
Nomen parentes nominariint Claudiam ;
Suum maritum corde dilexit suo.

1 stranger.

TOMB INSCRIPTIONS. 19

Katos duos creavit : ^ lioninc - alterum 5

In terra ^ linquit, alium sub terra locat.
Sermone lepido * turn autem incessu commodo,^
Domuiii servavit, lanam fecit : dixi. Abi.^

Epitaph on a Soldier's Tomb. (0. /. L. iii. 293.)
Dum vixi bibi libenter : bibite vos qui vivitis.

Epitap)Ji of a Roman Freedivoman. ( C. I. L. i. lOiO.)

Primae'' Pompeiae ossua^ heic.
Fortiina spondet^ multa multis, praestat nemini.
Vive in dies et lioras/" nam proprium ^^ est nihil.

Salvius et Eros dant.

Epitaph of a Roman Boy.

Lagge fili bene quiescas.
Mater tua rogat te
Ut me ad te recipias :
Vale 1

Inscriptions from the Catacombs.

1. Vivas in Deo.

2. Cum Sanctis.

3. Vivas inter sanctos.

4. Eefrigera cum spiritibus Sanctis.

5. Accersitus ^^ ab angelis.

6. Dulcis anima.

7. Sophronia, Sophronia dulcis, vivas in Deo !

1 she bore. 2 = horum. 3 on earth. * winning. ^ ^ith gentle mien, e farewell. ^ eldest
daughter. « = ossa. » promises. " for the day and the hour. " one's own. " called away.

III. QUINTUS ENNIUS.

Quintus Ennius (239-169 b.c), the father of Roman poetry,
was born at liudiae in Calabria, and became a Roman citizen
in 184. His chief work was an epic poem, Annates, in eighteen
books, treating the history of Rome from the coming of Aeneas
to the poet's time. In it the Greek hexameter was first employed
in Roman literature, and it remained the national epic of Rome
until superseded by Vergil's Aeneid. Ennius also wrote trage-
dies and comedies, on Greek models, of which about twenty are
known through titles and fragments.

The importance of Ennius in the history of Roman litera-

ENNius. ture is very great. He definitely, and with authority, gave

to Latin writers Greek models and Greek standards, and also

led the way in polishing and refining the Latin language so as to adapt it

to elegant literary composition.

Collections of the epic fragments are those of Vahlen (Leipzig, 1854), and
Lucian Muller (St. Petersburg, 1885); the dramatic portions in Ribbeck, Scae-
nicae Bomanorum Poesis Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1871-73). For literary criticism,
see Sellar, Boman Poets of the BepuUic (Oxford, 1881).

The Fortune Tellers. {Tr. Frag, 272 foil. Eibbeck.)

Sed superstitiosi vates impudentesque arioli/
Aut inertes ^ aut insani ant quibus egestas imperat,
Qui sibi semitam ^ non sapiunt alteri * monstrant viam ;
Quibus divitias pollicentur, ab eis dracumam ipsi petunt :
5 De his divitiis sibi deducant* dracumam, reddant cetera.

The Foefs Picture of Himself. {Annales, viii. 194, Bahrens.)

Haece locutus vocat, quocum bene saepe libenter
Mensam sermonesque snos rernmqne suarnm
Materiem ^ partit, magnam cum lassus diei
Partem trivisset ^ de summis rebus regundis

* conjurers. 2 dullards, s path. * dative case. ^ take out. ^ knowledge. '' gone through.

TllK POET'S KPITAPII. 21

Consilio lato, iiidu ^ f oro sanctoque senatu ; 5

Cui res audacter^ magnas parvasque iociimque

Eloqueretur et ut certo malaque et bona dictu

Evomeret,^ si qui vellet, tutoque'' locaret;

Quocum multa volutat grandia clamque palamque,

Prudenter qui dicta loquive tacereve posset 10

Ingenuos, cui nulla malum sententia suasset

Ut faceret facinus levis ^ aut malus ; doctus, fidelis,

Suavis homo, facundus, suo contentus, beatus,

Scitus,^ secunda loquens in tempore, commodus, verbum

Paucum, nmlta tenens antiqua sepulta,'' vetustas 15

Maiorum veterum leges divomque hominumque.

Quae faciunt mores veteresque novosque notantem.

Alliterative Line. (Anyiales, i. 65, Bahrens.)
0 Tite tute Tati tibi tanta, tyranne, tulisti !

Pyrrhus to the Romans. {Annates, i. 143, Bahrens.)

Nee mi aurum posco nee mi pretium dederitis :

Nee cauponantes bellum,^ sed belligerantes,

Ferro non auro vitam cernamus^ utrique !

Vosne velit an me regnare era^^ quidve ferat Fors,

Virtute experiamur; et hoc simul acpite" dictum: ' 5

Quorum virtuti belli fortuna pepercit,

Eorundem libertati me parcere certumst.^^

Dono, ducite, doque volentibus cum magnis dis.

The Poet's Epitaph.

Nemo me decoret dacrumis^^ neque funera fletu^*
Faxit.^^ Cur ? Volito vivus per ora virum.

' = in. 2 confidently. s pour forth. * safely. ^ vvanton. s shrewd. ^ hidden. 8 not
playing the huckster in war. ^ let us contend. i" queen. i* — accipite. ^^ [ ^m resolved.
" = lacrimis. ^* lamentation. >5 = faciat.

IV. TITUS MACCIUS PLAUTUS.

Titus Maccius Plautus was born at Sarsina in Umbria 254 b.c, and died
in 184. He was of humble parentage. Wliile serving as a theatrical assistant
in Kome, he composed some comedies, which met with so favorable a reception
that he devoted himself to comic writing. Yarro found about one hundred
and thirty pieces bearing the name of Plautus, of which only twenty-one
were surely authentic. Of these, twenty are still extant, and present the
oldest complete works of Roman literature. His plays, intended only for the
momentary amusement of the public, are full of comic situations, lively dialogue,
and striking pictures of Roman conditions ; but the boundaries of probability
and decency are often overstepped. These comedies held their place on the
Roman stage until the end of the Republic. The greatest edition of the text of
Plautus is that of Ritschl (Bonn, 1848-54), revised by Lowe, Goetz, and SchoU
(1894), but there is no complete edition with English notes. The plays were
translated into English prose by Thornton (London, 1767-74), and there is a
poor version, by Riley, in the Bohn Classical Library (1880). The Plautine
comedy Menaechmi is the original source of Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors ;
and the Aulularia, of Moliere's L'Avare.

COMIC MASKS.

A Roman Drinking Bout. (Mostellaria, i. 4.)

Callidamates, a gay young man. Delphium, a girl. Philolaches, friend of
Callidamates. Philematium, a girl.

CA. Advorsum venire mihi ad Philolachem
Volo temperi ; ^ audi ; hem, tibi imperatum est.
Nam illi ^ ubi f ui, inde effugi f oras :
Ita me ibi male convivi sermonisque taesum^ est.
5 Nunc comissatum'^ ibo ad Philolachetem,

Ubi nos hilari ingenio et lepide accipiet.

1 in good season. ^ there. ^ bored. * to have a bout.
22

A ROMAN DRINKING BOUT. 23

Ecqiiid tibi videor ma-ma-madere ? ^

DE. Semper istoc modo moratus,^ vita, debebas —

C A. Visne ego te ac tii me amplectare ?

DE. Si tibi cordi est facere,^ licet. CA. Lepida es.'' 10

Duce me, amabo.^ DE. Cave ne cadas. Asta.

CA. Oh ! oh ! Ocellus es meus ; tuus sum alumnus, mel meum.^

DE. Cave modo, ne prius in via^ accumbas,

Quam illi, ubi lectus est stratus, coimus.

CA. Sine sine cadere me. DE. Sino. CA. Sed et hoc,^ quod 15

mihi in manu est.
DE. Si cades, non cades, quin cadam ^ tecum,
lacentis toilet postea nos ambos aliquis.
Madet homo. CA. Tun' me ais ma-ma-madere ?
DE. Cedo ^® manum : nolo equidem te adfligi.

CA. Hem, tene. DE. Age, i i simul. CA. Quo ego eam, an scis ? 20
DE. Scio. C A. In mentem venit modo : nempe domum eo —
Comissatum. DE. Immo " — C A. Istuc quidem iam memini.
PHILOL. N"um non vis me obviam his ire, anime mi ?
Illi ego ex omnibus optume volo.

Iam revortar. PHILEM. Diu ' iam ' id mihi. ^ 25

CA. Ecquis hie est ? PHILOL. Adest. CA. En, Philolaches,
Salve, amicissume mihi omnium hominum.
PHILOL. Di te ament.^^ Accuba, Callidamates.
Unde agis te ? CA. Unde homo ebrius.

PHILOL. Probe.^^ Quin," amabo, accubas, Delphium mea? 30

CA. Da illi, quod bibat ; dormiam ego iam.
PHILOL. Num mirum aut novum quippiam facit ?
Quid ego hoc faciam postea, mea ? DE. Sic sine eumpse.^^
PHILOL. Age tu, interim da ab^^ Delphio cito cantharum circum.

^ d-d-drunk. 2 as this is your usual state. ^ if you want to. * you're a nice girl. ^ please.
6 darling. ^ in the street. ^ (sine) et hoc (cadere), i.e. her arm. ^ Without my falling down too.
10 give me ; old emphatic form of da. i^ not at all. ^2 God bless you ! " good ! " = cur
non. 15 = ipsum, by himself. ^^ beginning with.

PLAUTUS.

SCENE FROM A COMEDY.

The Young Man aiid the Extravagant Girl.

LUSITELES.

{Tri7iummus, ii. i.)

Multas res simitu ^ in meo corcle vorso,

Multum ill cogitando dolorem indipiscor.^

Egomet me coquo ^ et macero ^ et def etigo : ^

Magister mihi exercitor ^ animus nunc est.

Set hoc non liquet ^ nee satis cogitatumst,

Utram potius harum mihi artem expetessam,^

Utram aetati agundae ^ arbitrer firmiorem :

Amorin me an rei^*^ opsequi potius par sit,

Utra in parte plus sit voluptatis vitae
Ad aetatem agundam.
I)e hac re mihi satis hau liquet : nisi hoc sic faciam, opinor,
Ut utramque rem semul exputem, index sim reusque" ad eam rem.

1 at the same time. 2 get. 3 put myself in a stew.
8 to desire. » for living, i» wealth. " culprit.

* fret.

6 taskmaster. '^ clear.

TWO MARRIED MEN. 25

Sic faciam : sic placet. Omnium primum
Amoris artes eloquar, quemnam ad modum se e^pediant.^
Numquam amor qiiemquam nisi cupidum postulate se hominem 15

in plagas^
Conicere : eos petit, eos sectatur, subdole'' ab re^ consulit :
Blandiloquentiilust, harpago,^ mendax, cuppes,
Despoliator, latebricolariim^ hominum corrumptor,
Celatum indagator.^
Nam qui habet quod amat quom extemplo saviis^ perculsus est, 20
Ilico res ^*^ f oras labitur, liquitur.

" Da mihi hoc, mel meum, si me amas, si audes.'^
Ibi ille cuculus : " 0 ocelle mi, fiat :
Et istuc et si amplius vis dari dabitur."

Ibi ilia pendentem ferit." 25

Jam amplius orat : non satis
Id est mali, ni etiam ampliust,
Quod bibit, quod comest, quod facit sumpti.
Nox datur : ducitur familia tota,
Vestiplica, unctor, auri custos, flabelliferae, sandaligerulae, 30

Cantrices, cistellatrices,^^ nuntii, renuntii,
Raptores panis et peni. Fit ipse, dum illis comis est
Amator, inops. Haec quom ago cum meo animo
Et recolo, ubi qui eget, quam preti sit parvi, apage

Amor, non places, te nil utor. 35

Two Married Men. (Trinummus, i. 2. 1-28.)

Callicles. Megaronides.

CA. Larem corona nostrum decorari volo :
Uxor, venerare^^ ut nobis haec habitatio

1 appear. 2 expects. ' toils. * craftily. ^ to their disadvantage. ^ rapacious. "^ who lead
double lives. » a regular Paul Pry. '•> kisses, ^o money. ^^ she strikes him. " maids. ^^ pray.

26 PLAUTUS.

Bona fausta felix fortunataque evenat^ —

(aside) Teque ut quam primum possim videam emortuam.
5 ME. Adgrediar hominem. CA. Quoia^ hie prope me vox sonat?

ME. Tui bene volenti s,^ si ita's ut ego te volo :

Sin aliter es, iniinici atque irati tibi.

CA. 0 amice, salve.

ME. Et tu edepol salve, Callicles.
10 Valen ? valuistin ? C A. Valeo et valui rectius.

ME. Quid tua agit uxor? ut valet? CA. Plus quam ego volo.

ME. Bene herclest illam tibi valere et vivere.

CA. Credo hercle te gaudere, siquid mihi malist.

ME. Omnibus amicis quod mihist cupio esse item.
15 C A. Eho tu, tua uxor quid agit ? ME. Inmortalis est :

Vivit victuraquest. CA. Bene hercle nuntias,

Deosque oro ut vitae tuae superstes suppetat.

ME. Dum quidem hercle tecum nupta sit, sane velim.

CA. Vin conmutemus ? tuam ego ducam et tu meam ?
20 Eaxo^ haud tantillum^ dederis verborum*^ mihi.

ME. Nempe enim tu, credo, me inprudentem obrepseris."

CA. Ne^ tu hercle faxo hau nescias quam rem egeris.

ME. Habeas ut nanctu's : nota mala res optumast.

Nam ego nunc si ignotam capiam, quid again nesciam.
25 CA. Edepol proinde ut diu vivitur, bene vivitur.

ME. Set hoc*^ animum advorte atque aufer ridicularia.^*^

1 = eveniat. - whose. 3 good friend. * =faciam. ^ the least bit. ^ verba dare = cheat,
deceive. ^ steal a march on me. * verily. ^ What I'm going to say. i" stop jesting.

V. CATO THE CENSOR.

Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 b.c.) was the typical Roman of the Republican
era, A shrewd, hard-headed, obstinate, energetic man, a sturdy soldier, a pun-
gent and powerful orator, he resisted during his life all the tendencies that were
transforming Rome into a centi-e of Hellenic culture, and ever after typified to
the nation the "good old times" when men of the highest rank labored in the
fields, ate at the same table with their slaves, and despised learning. Cato was
the father of Roman prose as Ennius was the father of Roman verse, and was a
very prolific writer, publishing more than one hundred and fifty of his orations
now lost, letters, suggestions on oratory, practical instructions on agriculture,
and a great work in seven books, Origines, the first historical volume ever writ-
ten in Latin prose, and dealing with the ethnology and antiquities of Italy. The
only work of Cato's now remaining entire is the treatise De Agri Cultura, in
sixty-two chapters. It is a sort of farmer's note-book in which are jotted down
in the most off-hand style all sorts of practical directions for the care of a farm,
rules for housekeeping, forms for sales and leases, and recipes for domestic
medicine. It has been edited by Keil (Leipzig, 1884-94).

How to treat Slaves. (De Agri Cidtura, 5, 56, 57, 58, 59.)

Haec erimt vilici^ officia. Disciplina bona utatur. Feriae
serventur. Alieno manum abstineat, sua servat diligenter. Liti-
bus^ familia supersedeat ; siquis quid deliquerit, pro noxa bono
modo vindicet. Familiae^ male ne sit, ne algeat, ne esuriat : opere
bene exerceat, facilius malo et alieno prohibebit. Vilicus si nolet 5
male facere, non faciat. Si passus erit, dominus impune ne sinat
esse. Pro beneficio gratiam referat, ut aliis recte facere libeat.
Vilicus ne sit ambulator, sobrius sief semper, ad cenam nequo eat.
Familiam exerceat, consideret quae dominus imperaverit fiant.
Ne plus censeat sapere se quam dominum. Amicos domini eos ic
habeat sibi amicos. Cui iussus siet,'* auscultet.^ Eem divinam
nisi Compitalibus in compito^ aut in foco ne faciat.

Iniussu domini credat nemini : quod dominus crediderit, exigat.

1 overseer. 2 quarrels. 3 the slaves. * = sit. ^ pay attention. 6 the crossways.

28 CATO THE CENSOR.

Satui ^ semen, cibaria, far, vinum, oleum mutiium ^ dederit nemini.

15 Duas aut tres familias habeat, unde utenda roget et quibus det,
praeterea nemini. Rationem ^ cum domino crebro putet.^ Opera-
rium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die.
Nequid emisse velit insciente domino, neu quid dominum celavisse
velit. Parasitum ne quem habeat. Haruspicem, augurem, hario-

20 lum, Chaldaeum ne quem consuluisse velit. Segetem ne defru-
det : ^ nam id infelix est. Opus rusticum omne uti sciat facere,
et id faciat saepe, dum ne lassus fiat : si fecerit, scibit ^ in mente
familiae quid sit, et illi animo aequiore facient, si hoc faciet,
minus libebit ambulare et valebit rectius et dormibit^ libentius.

25 Primus cubitu^ surgat, postremus cubitum eat. Prius villam
videat clausa uti siet, et uti suo quisque loco cubet et uti iumenta ^
pabulum habeant.

Familiae cibaria. Qui opus facient per hiemem tritici ^^ modios
IIIL, per aestatem modios II II S., vilico, vilicae, epistatae," opi-

30 lioni^^ modios III., conpeditis per hiemem panis P.^'^ IIII. ubi
vineam fodere " coeperint, panis P. V. usque adeo dum ficos esse
coeperint, deinde ad P. IIIL redito.

Vinum familiae. Ubi vindemia^^ facta erit, loram^^ bibant
menses tres : mense quarto heminas ^'' in dies, id est in mense

35 congios ^^11 S : mense quinto, sexto, septimo, octavo in dies sex-
tarios,^^ id est in mense congios quinque : nono, decimo, undecimo,
duodecimo in dies heminas ternas, id est in mense amphoram : ^
hoc amplius Saturnalibus et Conpitalibus in singulos homines
congios : summa vini in homines singulos inter annum Q.^^ VIII.

40 Conpeditis, uti quidquid operis facient, pro portione addito : eos
non est nimium in annos singulos vini Q. X ebibere.

Pulmentarium ^^ familiae. Oleae caducae quam plurimum con-
dito. Postea oleas tempestivas, unde minimum olei fieri poterit,

1 crop. 2 as a loan, s account. * uiake up. ^=defraudei. ^ = sciet. "^ =dormiet. ^ irom
sleep. 9 cattle, lo wheat, "steward. ^^ shepherd. '^^ poiido, pounds. ^* dig. is vintage.
" lees. " half-pints. ^8 gallons, i» pints. 20 six gallons. 21 = quadranialia. 22 relishes.

now TO TREAT SLAVES. 29

eas condito, parcito, iiti quam dintissime durent. Ubi oleae
comesae erunt, hallecem ^ et acetuni ^ dato. Oleum dato in menses 45
imi cuique S. I. Salis mii ciiique in anno medium satis est.

Vestimenta familiae. Tunicam P. Ill S., saga^ alternis annis :
quotiens cuique tunicam aut sagum dabis, prius veterem accipito,
unde centones^ fiant : sculponeas^ bonas alternis annis dare
oportet. 50

1 brine. 2 vinegar. 3 cloaks. * patcii-work. '' wooden shoes.

VI. TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS.

Titus Lucretius Carus was born in the year 96 b.c. and died in the year 55.
According to the legend preserved by St. Jerome, his wife gave him a love
potion which deprived him of his reason, — a story which forms the subject of
a beautiful poem by Tennyson. His great work on the nature of the universe
{De Berum Natura) is in six books, but was never finished. In it he sets forth
the Epicurean system of philosophy, which is one of pure materialism. He
teaches (1) that nothing exists except matter and empty space ; (2) that the
soul, being material as well as the body, dies when the body dies ; and (3) that
the world is not governed by the gods, but by the fixed law of Nature, to which
he gives the name Necessity. Macaulay has characterized this work as "the
noblest poem ever written, in behalf of the meanest system of philosophy."

The best commentary on the whole of Lucretius is that of H. A. J. Munro
(4th ed., Cambridge, 1886), which is accompanied by a fine translation into idiom-
atic English prose. Good accounts of the Lucretian philosophy are J. Masson's
Atomic Theory of Lucretius (London, 1884), Wallace's Epicureanism (London,
1880), and that of Lange in his History of Materialism (London, 1881).

Death is not to be Dreaded, (iii. 830-869.)

Nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet liilum/
Quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur.
Et velut ante acto nil tempore sensimus aegri,^
Ad confligendum venientibus undique Poenis,

5 Omnia cum belli trepido concussa tumultu

Horrida contremuere sub altis aetheris oris,
In dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum
Omnibus humanis esset terraque marique,
Sic, ubi non erimus, cum corporis atque animai

10 Discidium^ fuerit, quibus e'' sumus uniter^ apti.

Scilicet baud nobis quicquam, qui non erimus turn,
Accidere omnino poterit sensumque movere,
ISTon si terra mari miscebitur et mare caelo.

1 a whit. 2 suffering. 3 separation. * = e quibus. ^ into one.
30

THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WORLD. 31

Et si iam nostro sentit de corpore postquam

Distractast animi natura animaeque potestas, 15

Nil tamen est ad nos, qui comptu ^ coniugioque

Corporis atque animae consistimus uniter apti.

Nee, si materiem nostram collegerit aetas

Post obitum rursumque redegerit ut sita nunc est,

Atque iterum nobis fuerint data lumina vitae, 20

Pertineat qiiicquam tamen ad nos id quoque factum,

Interrupta semel cum sit retinentia ^ nostri.

Et nunc nil ad nos de nobis attinet, ante

Qui fuimus, neque iara de illis nos adficit angor.

Nam cum respicias inmensi temporis omne 25

Praeteritum spatium, tum motus inateriai

Multimodis ^ quam sint, facile hoc adcredere possis,

Semina saepe in eodem, ut nunc sunt, ordine posta ''

Haec eadem, quibus e nunc nos sumus, ante fuisse.

Nee memori tamen id quimus reprehendere mente : 30

Inter enim iectast vitai pausa, vageque

Deerrarunt passim motus ab sensibus omnes.

Debet enim, misere si forte aegreque futurumst,

Ipse quoque esse in eo tum tempore, cui male possit

Accidere : id quoniam mors eximit, esseque probet 35

Ilium cui possint incommoda conciliari.

Scire licet nobis nil esse in morte timendum.

Nee miserum fieri qui non est posse, neque hilum

Differre anne ullo fuerit iam tempore natus,

Mortalera vitam mors cum inmortalis ademit. 40

The Early Days of the World, (v. 925-1102.)

At genus humanum multo fuit illud in arvis
Durius,^ ut decuit, tellus quod dura creasset,

^ combination. ^ recollection, s variously. * = posita. ^ more rugged.

32 LUCRETIUS.

Et maioribus et solidis magis ossibus intus
Fundatum/ validis aptum per viscera nervis,
5 Nee facile ex aestu nee frigore quod caperetur,

Nee novitate cibi nee labi corporis ^ ulla.
Multaque per caelum solis volventia lustra^
Volgivago ^ vitam tractabant more f erarum.
Nee robustus erat curvi moderator aratri

1^ Quisquam, nee scibat ferro molirier^ arva

Nee nova def odere in terram virgulta ^ neque altis
Arboribus veteres decidere faleibus ramos.
Quod sol atque imbres dederant, quod terra crearat
Sponte sua, satis id placabat pectora donum.

15 Glandiferas^ inter curabant corpora quercus

Plerumque .' et quae nunc hiberno tempore cernis
Arbita puniceo ^ fieri matura colore,
Plurima tum tellus etiam maiora ferebat.
Multaque praeterea novitas^ tum florida mundi

20 Pabula dura tulit, miseris mortalibus ampla.

At sedare sitim fluvii fontesque vocabant,
Ut nunc montibus e magnis decursus aquai
Clarigitat ^° late sitientia saecla " ferarum.
Denique nota vagi silvestria templa tenebant

25 Nympharum, quibus e scibant umoris fluenta^^

Lubrica proluvie larga lavere umida saxa,
Umida saxa, super viridi stillantia ^^ musco,
Et partim piano scatere ^^ atque erumpere campo.
Necdum res igni scibant tractare neque uti

30 Pellibus et spoliis corpus vestire ferarum,

Sed nemora atque cavos montes silvasque colebant,
Et frutiees inter condebant squalida membra,
Verbera ventorum vitare imbrisque coacti.

1 sustained. ^ bodily defect. ^ years. * rovinfj. ^ worked. ^ saplings. '' acorn-bearing.
8 purple. 9 youth, lo calls. " broods. 12 streams. ^^ dripping. " leap out.

THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WORLD. 33

Nee commune bonum poterant spectare, neque ullis

Moribus inter se scibant nee legibus uti. 25

Quod cuique obtulerat praedae fortuna, ferebat

Sponte sua sibi quisque valere et vivere doetus.

Coneiliabat enim vel mutua quamque cupido

Vel pretium, giandes atque arbita vel pira lecta.

Et manuuni mira freti virtute pedumque

Consectabantur silvestria saeela ferarum,

Missilibus saxis et magno pondere elavae ;

Multaque vineebant, vitabant pauea latebris,

Saetigerisque pares subus sie silvestria membra

Kuda dabant terrae, noeturno tempore capti/

Cireum se foliis ac frondibus involventes.

Nee plangore ^ diem magno solemque per agros

Quaerebant pavidi palantes noetis in umbris,

Sed taeiti respeetabant somnoque sepulti,

Dum rosea face sol inferret lumina eaelo. 50

A parvis quod enim consuerant eernere semper

Alterno tenebras et lucem tempore gigni,

Non erat ut fieri posset mirarier^' umquam

Nee diffidere, ne terras aeterna teneret

Nox in perpetuum detracto lumine solis. 55

Sed magis illud erat curae, quod saeela ferarum

Infestam miseris faeiebant saepe quietem :

Eiectique domo fugiebant saxea teeta

Spumigeri ^ suis adventu validive leonis,

Atque intempesta cedebant nocte paventes 60

Hospitibus saevis instrata cubilia fronde.

Nee nimio tum plus quam nunc mortalia saeela
Duleia linquebant labentis lumina vitae.
Unus enim tum quisque magis deprensus eorum

1 overtaken. 2 lamentation. ^ = mirari. * foaming.
ROM. LIFE — 3

34 i.UCRETlUS.

65 Pabula viva feris praebebat, dentibus haustus,

Et nemora ac montes gemitu silvasque replebat,
Viva videns vivo sepeliri viscera busto.
At quos effugium servarat corpore adeso/
Posterius tremulas super ulcera taetra tenentes

70 Palmas horriferis accibant - vocibus Orcum,

Donique eos vita privarant vermina saeva,
Expertes opis, ignaros quid volnera vellent.^
At non multa virum sub signis milia ducta
Una dies dabat exitio, nee turbida ponti

75 Aequo ra fligebant ^ naves ad saxa virosque.

Hie temere incassum^ frustra mare saepe coortum
Saevibat leviterque minas ^ ponebat inanes,
Nee poterat quemquam placidi pellacia'' ponti
Subdola pellicere ^ in f raudem ridentibus undis.

80 [Improba navigii ratio turn caeca iacebat]

Turn penuria deinde cibi languentia leto
Membra dabat, contra nunc rerum copia mersat.
Illi inprudentes ipsi sibi saepe venenum
Vergebant, nunc dant aliis sollertius^ ipsum.

85 Inde casas ^^ postquam ac pelles ignemque pararunt,

Et mulier coniuncta viro concessit in unum
Coniugium, prolemque ex se videre creatam,
Tum genus humanum primum mollescere coepit.
Ignis enim curavit ut alsia " corpora frigus

90 Non ita iam possent caeli sub tegmine ferre,

Et Venus inminuit vires, puerique parentum
Blanditiis facile ingenium fregere superbum.
Tunc et amicitiem coeperunt iungere aventes.
Finitimi inter se nee laedere nee violari,

95 Et pueros commendarunt muliebreque saeclum,

1 mangled. ^ invoked. 8 required. * smote. ^ fruitlessly. ^ threatenings. '^ blandishment,
* lure. 8 more craftily. ^^ huts, ^i chilled.

THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WORLD. 35

Vocibus et gestu cum balbe ^ significarent

Imbecillorum esse aequum misererier omnes.

Nee tanien omnimodis ^ poterat concordia gigni,

Sed bona magnaqiie pars servabat foedera caste:

Aut genus humanum iam turn foret omne peremptum, lOO

Nee potuisset adhuc perducere saecla propago.

At varios linguae sonitus natura subegit
Mittere, et utilitas ^ expressit nomina rerum,
Non alia longe ratione atque ipsa videtur
Protraliere ad gestum pueros infantia linguae, 105

Cum facit ut digito quae sint praesentia nionstrent.
Sentit enini vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti.
Cornua nata prius vitulo quam frontibus extent,
Illis iratus petit atque infestus inurget.
At catuli ^ pantheramm scymnique ^ leonum 110

Unguibus ac pedibus iam turn morsuque repugnant,
Vix etiam cum sunt dentes unguesque creati
Alituum ^ porro genus alis omne videmus
Fidere et a pinnis tremulum petere auxiliatum/
Proinde putare aliquem tum nomina distribuisse 115

Eebus, et inde homines didicisse vocabula prima,
Desiperest ; nam cur hie posset cuncta notare
Vocibus et varios sonitus emittere linguae.
Tempore eodem alii facere id non quisse ^ putentur ?
Praeterea si non alii quoque vocibus usi 120

Inter se fuerant, unde insita notities est
Utilitatis et unde data est huic prima potestas.
Quid vellet, facere ut scirent animoque viderent ?
Cogere item plures unus victosque domare
Non poterat, rerum ut perdiscere nomina vellent. 125

Nee ratione docere ulla suadereque surdis,^

1 stammeringly. 2 altogether, s convenience. * cubs. ^ whelps. « birds. "> = auxilium.
potuisse. 9 deaf.

36 LUCRETIUS.

Quid sit opus facto, facilest : neque enim paterentur,

Nee ratione ulla sibi ferrent aniplius aures

Voeis inauditos sonitus obtundere frustra.
130 Postremo quid in liac mirabile tantoperest re,

Si genus liumanum, cui vox et lingua vigeret.

Pro vario sensu varia res voce notaret ?

Cum pecudes mutae, cum denique saecla ferarum

Dissimiles soleant voces variasque ciere,^
135 Cum metus aut dolor est et cum iam gaudia gliscunt.^

Quippe etenim licet id rebus cognoscere apertis.

Inritata canum cum primum inmane Molossum

Mollia ricta^ fremunt duros nudantia dentes,

Longe alio sonitu rabie restricta minantur,
140 Et cum iam latrant et vocibus omnia complent :

Et catulos blande cum lingua lambere temptant,

Aut ubi eos iactant pedibus morsuque petentes

Suspensis teneros minitantur dentibus haustus,

Longe alio pacto gannitu'^ vocis adulant,
145 Et cum deserti baubantur ^ in aedibus, aut cum

Plorantes fugiunt summisso corpore plagas.

Denique non hinnitus ^ item differre videtur.

Inter equas ubi equus florenti aetate iuvencus

Pinnigeri saevit calcaribus^ ictus amoris,
150 Et fremitum patulis ubi naribus edit ad arma,

Et cum sic alias concussis artibus hinnit ?

Postremo genus alituum variaeque volucres,

Accipitres atque ossif ragae ^ mergique ^ marinis

Eluctibus in salso victum vitamque petentes,
155 Longe alias alio iaciunt in tempore voces,

Et quom de victu certant praedaeque repugnant :

Et partim mutant cum tempestatibus una

1 utter. 2 are rife. 3 jaws. * yelp. ^ bark. ^ neighing. ' goads. ^ ospreys. ^ cormorants.

THE PLAGUE AT ATHENS. 37

Raucisonos ^ cantiis, cornicum ut saecla vetusta

Corvoruinque greges iibi aqiiani dicuntur et imbris

Poscere et interduin ventos aiirasque vocare. 160

Ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt,

Muta tamen cum sint, varias emittere voces,

Quanto mortales magis aequumst turn potuisse

Dissimiles alia atque alia res voce notare !

Illud in his rebus tacit us ne forte requiras, 165

Fulmen detulit in terrain mortalibus ignem
Primitus,^ inde omnis flammarum diditur ardor :
Multa videmus enim caelestibus inlita^ flammis
Fulgere, cum caeli donavit plaga vapore.
Et ramosa tamen cum ventis pulsa vacillans 170

Aestuat in ramos incumbens arboris arbor,
Exprimitur validis extritus viribus ignis
Et micat ^ interdum flammai f ervidus ardor,
Mutua dum inter se rami stirpesque teruntur.
Quorum utrumque dedisse potest mortalibus ignem. 175

Inde cibum coquere ac fiammae mollire vapore^
Sol docuit quoniam mitescere multa videbant
Verberibus ^ radiorum atque aestu victa per agros.

The Plague at Athens, (vi. 1138-1251.)

Haec ratio quondam morborum et inortifer aestus
Finibus in Cecropis ^ funestos ^ reddidit agros
Vastavitque vias, exhausit ^ civibus urbem.
Nam penitus veniens Aegypti finibus morbus,
Aera permensus multum camposque natantes,^^ 5

Incubuit tandem populo Pandionis omni.
Inde catervatim ^^ morbo mortique dabantur.

1 hoarse. 2 adverb. ^ touched. * glitter. ^ i^eat. 6 the smiting. '• = Athens, s desolate.
^ drain, ^o i.e. the seas. " in herds.

38 LUCRETIUS.

Principio caput incensum fervore gerebant
Et duplices oculos suffiisa luce rubentes.

10 Sudabant^ etiam fauces intrinsecus- atrae

Sanguine, et ulceribus vocis via saepta ^ coibat,
Atque animi interpres manabat lingua cruore,
Debilitata malis, motu gravis, aspera tactu.
Inde ubi per fauces pectus complerat et ipsum

15 Morbida vis in cor maestum confluxerat aegris,

Omnia turn vero vitai claustra ^ lababant.^
Spiritus ore foras taetrum ^ volvebat odorem,
E,ancida ^ quo perolent ^ proiecta ^ cadavera ritu.
Atque animi prorsum turn vires totius, omne

20 Languebat corpus, leti ^° iam limine in ipso.

Intolerabilibusque malis erat anxius angor
Adsidue comes et gemitu commixta querella.
Singultusque ^^ frequens noctem per saepe diemque
Corripere ^^ adsidue nervos et membra coactans ^^

25 Dissolvebat eos, defessos ante, fatigans.

Nee nimio cuiquam posses ardore tueri
Corporis in sum mo summam fervescere partem,
Sed potius tepidum manibus propone re tactum
Et simul ulceribus quasi inustis ^'^ omne rubere

30 Corpus, ut est per membra sacer dum diditur ^^ ignis.

Intima pars hominum vero flagrabat ad ossa,
Elagrabat stomacho flamma ut fornacibus intus.
Nil adeo posses cuiquam leve tenveque membris
Vertere in utilitatem, at ventum et frigora semper.

35 In fluvios partim, gelidos ardentia moi'bo

Membra dabant, nudum iacientes corpus in undas.
Multi praecipites lympliis putealibus ^^ alte

1 drip. 2 within. 3 obstruct. * barriers. ^ gave way. ^ foxii. 7 loathsome. » stink,
reek. 9 expose, lo death. " gasp, hiccough. ^- attack. " convulsing. '* burnt in. is spreads.
1« w^ells.

THE PLAGUE AT ATHENS. 39

Inciderunt, ipso venientes ore patente :

Insedabiliter sitis arida, corpora inurens,

Aequabat multum parvis umoribus imbrem. 40

Nee requies erat ulla mali : defessa iacebant

Corpora. Mussabat ^ tacito medicina timore,

Quippe patentia cum totiens ac niintia mortis

Lumina versarent oculorum expertia somno.

Multaque praeterea mortis tum signa dabantur, 45

Perturbata animi mens in maerore metuque,

Triste supercilium, furiosus voltus ^ et acer,

Sollicitae porro plenaeque sonoribus aures,

Creber spiritus ^ aut ingens raroque coortus,

Sudorisque madens per collum splendidus ^ umor, 50

Tenvia sputa ^ minuta,^ croci contacta colore

Salsaque, per fauces raucas vix edita tussi.''

In manibus vero nervi trabere et tremere artus

A pedibusque minutatim * succedere f rigus

Non dubitabat : item ad supremum denique tempus 55

Conpressae nares, nasi primoris acumen

Tenve, cavati oculi, cava tempora, frigida pellis

Duraque, inhorrescens rictum,^ frons tenta tumebat.^*^

Nee nimio rigidi post artus morte iacebant.

Octavoque fere candenti lumine solis 60

Aut etiam nona reddebant lampade " vitam.

Quorum siquis vix vitarat funera leti,

Ulceribus taetris et nigra proluvie ^^ alvi

Posterius tamen hunc tabes ^^ letumque manebat,

Aut etiam multus capitis cum saepe dolore 65

Corruptus sanguis expletis naribus ibat :

Hue hominis totae vires corpusque fluebat.

Profluvium porro qui taetri sanguinis acre

1 spoke low. * look. 3 breath. * bright. ^ spittle, ^ diminished. ^ cough, s by degrees.
9 mouth. 1° swelled. ^^ torch, i.e. day. ^^ excrement. ^^ wasting.

40 LUCRETIUS.

Exierat,^ tamen in nervos huic morbus et artus

70 Ibat et in partes genitales corporis ipsas.

Et manibus sine nonnulli pedibusque manebant
In vita tamen, et perclebant lumina partim :
Usque adeo mortis metus liis incesserat acer.
Atque etiam quosdam cepere oblivia rerum

75 Cunctarum, neque se possent cognoscere ut ipsi.

Multaque humi cum inliumata iacerent corpora supra
Corporibus, tamen alituum genus atque ferarum
Aut procul apsiliebat/ ut acrem exiret odorem,
Aut, ubi gustarat, languebat morte propinqua.

80 Nee tamen omnino temere illis solibus ulla

Comparebat avis, nee tristia saecla ^ ferarum
Exibant silvis : languebant pleraque morbo
Et moriebantur. Cum primis fida canum vis
Strata viis animam ponebat in omnibus aegre :

85 Extorquebat enim vitam vis morbida membris.

Nee ratio remedi communis certa dabatur :
Nam quod ali dederat vitales aeris auras
Volvere in ore licere et caeli templa tueri,
Hoc aliis erat exitio letumque parabat.

90 Illud in his rebus miserandum magnopere unum

Aerumnabile erat,^ quod ubi se quisque videbat
Implicitum morbo, morti damnatus ut esset,
Deficiens animo maesto cum corde iacebat,
Funera respectans animam amittebat ibidem.

95 Quippe etenim nullo cessabant tempore apisci^

Ex aliis alios avidi contagia ^ morbi,
Lanigeras tamquam pecudes et bucera^ saecla.
Idque vel in primis cumulabat funere funus.
Nam quicumque suos fugitabant visere ad aegros,

1 escape. 2 spring away, s breed. * wretched. ^ seize upon, e infection. ^ horned.

THE PLAGUE AT ATHENS. 41

Vital nimiiim ciipidos mortisque timentes 100

Poenibat paulo post turpi morte malaque,

Desertos, opis expertes, incuria^ mactans.^

Qui fuerant autein praesto/ contagibus ibaiit

Atque labore, pudor quern turn cogebat obire

Blandaque lassoruin vox mixta voce querellae. 105

Optimus hoc leti genus ergo quisque subibat.

Incomitata rapi'^ ceniebant funera vasta,

Inque aliis alium populum sepelire ^ suorum

Certantes : lacrimis lassi luctuque redibant :

Inde bonam partem in lectum maerore dabantur. iio

Nee poterat quisquam reperiri, quem neque morbus

ISTec mors nee luctus temptaret tempore tali.

1 want of care. ^ destroying. ^ at hand. * hurried along. ^ bury.

VII. GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS.

Gaius Valerius Catullus was born at Verona in 87 b.c. and died in the year 54.
He went to Rome at an early age, and spent the rest of his life there in the inti-
macy of the leading men of his time. He stands at the head of Roman lyric poets.
The most prominent event of the poet's life was his infatuation for Clodia, the
wife of Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, to whom, under the pseudonym of Lesbia,
most of his amatory verses are addressed. An ardent admirer of Greek poetry,
some of his songs, especially the Marriage Hymns, are more Greek than Roman
in spirit. His language is usually the speech of every-day life, and abo^inds in
diminutives, foreign words, and alliteration.

The standard edition of Catullus with English notes is that of Robinson
Ellis (2d ed., Oxford, 1889). There is a good translation into English by Ellis
(London, 1871), and by Sir Theodore Martin, in verse (London, 1875).

Lesbians Sparrow, (ii.)

Passer, deliciae meae puellae
Quicum ^ ludere, quern in sinu tenere^
Cui primum digitum ^ dare adpetenti
Et acres solet incitare morsus,

5 Cum desiderio meo nitenti

Carum nescio quid libet iocari

(Et solaciolum sui doloris,

Credo, ut turn gravis adquiescat ardor),

Tecum ludere sicut ipsa possem

10 Et tristes animi levare curas !

The Kisses, (v.)

Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus,
Rumoresque ^ senum severiorum
Omnes unius aestimemus assis.

1 qui, abl. ^ primum digitum, finger-tip. ^ censure.
42

A ROMAN WEDDING SONG. 43

Soles occidere et redire possunt :

Nobis, cum semel occidit brevis lux, 5

Nox est perpetua una dormienda.

Da mi basia mille, deinde centum,

Dein mille altera, dein secunda centum,

Deinde usque altera mille, deinde centum,

Dein, cum milia multa fecerimus, lo

Conturbabimus ^ ilia, ne sciamus,

Aut ne quis mains invidere - possit,

Cum tantum ^ sciat esse basiorum.

To Cicero, (xlix.)

Disertissime Romuli nepotum,

Quot sunt quotque fuere, Marce Tulli,

Quotque post aliis erunt in annis,

Gratias tibi maximas Catullus

Agit, pessimus omnium poeta, 5

Tanto pessimus omnium poeta

Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus.-

A Roman Wedding Song. (Ixi.)

Collis 0 Heliconii

Cultor,^ Uraniae genus.

Qui rapis teneram ad virum

Virginem, O Hymenaee Hymen,

O Hymen Hymenaee. 5

Cinge tempora floribus
Suave olentis amaraci^
Flamraeum'' cape, laetus hue.

1 lose the reckoning. 2 cast an evil eye. ^ just so many. * orator. 6 dweller. c sweet
joram. '' marriage veil.

marjoram

CATULLUS.

THE ALDOBRANDINI MARRIAGE.

( Vatican.)

Hue veni niveo gerens
Luteum ^ pede soccum,^

Excitusque hilari ^ die
Nuptialia eoneiuens
Voce carmina tinnula*
Pelle Illinium pedibus, manu
Pineam quate taedam.

Naiiique Vinia Manlio,
Qualis Idalium colens
Venit ad Phrygium Venus
ludicem/ bona cum bona
Nubet alite ^ virgo.

Floridis velut enitens
Myrtus Asia ramulis,
Quos bamadryades deae ^
Ludicrum sibi^ roscido"
Nutriunt uniore.

Vosque item simul, integrae
Virgin es, quibus ad venit

1 yellow. 2 slipper.
Ludicrum. ^ dewy.

' cheerful. * clear. ^ i.e. Paris. ^ omen. "^ tree-nymphs

with

A ROMAK WEDDING SONG. 45

Par dies, agite, in modum '

Dicite ' 0 Hymenaee Hymen

0 Hymen Hymenaee.' 30

Te suis tremulus parens

Invocat, tibi virgines

Zonula soluunt sinus,-

Te timens cupida novus

Captat aure maritus. 35

Tu f ero ^ iuveni in manus

Floridam ipse puellulam

Pedis a gremio suae

Matris, 0 Hymenaee Hymen,

0 Hymen Hymenaee. 40

Claustra pandite ianuae,
Virgo adest. Viden ut faces
Splendidas quatiunt comas ?

Flere desine. Non tibi, Au-

runculeia, periculum est 45

Ne qua femina pulcbrior

Clarum ab Oceano diem

Viderit venientem.

Talis in vario^ solet

Divitis domini hortulo 50

Stare flos hyacinthinus.

Sed moraris, abit dies :

Prodeas, nova nupta.

1 measure. 2 bosom. » ardent. * many-hued.

46 CATULLUS.

Prodeas, nova nupta, si
55 lam videtur, et audias

Nostra verba. Viden faces
Aureas quatiunt comas ?
Prodeas, nova nupta.

Tollite, 0 pueri, faces :
60 Flammeum video venire.

Ite, concinite in modum
O Hymen Hymenaee io,
O Hymen Hymenaee.

O bonae senibus viris
65 Cognitae bene feminae,

Conlocate pnellulam.
O Hymen Hymenaee io,
O Hymen Hymenaee.

lam licet venias, marite:
70 Uxor in thalamo tibi est

Ore floridulo nitens
Alba parthenice ^ velut
Lutenmve papaver.^

At, marite (itii me invent
75 Caelites), nihilo minus ^

Pulcher es, neqne te Venus
Neglegit. Sed abit dies :
Perge, ne remorare.

Non diu remoratus es,
80 lam venis. Bona te Venus

1 Parthenice, kind of artemisia. * poppy. ^ gc. than she.

MARRIAGE HYMN. 47

luverit, quoniam palam
Quod cupis capis et bonum
Noil abscondis ' amorem.

Claudite ostia, virgines :

Lusimus satis. At, boni 85

Coniuges, bene vivite et

Munere adsiduo valentem

Exercete iuventam.

Marriage Hymn. (Ixii.)
Youths.
Vesper ^ adest : iuvenes, consurgite ; ^ Vesper Olympo
Exspectata diu vix tandem lumina tollit.
Surgere iam tempus, iam pingues linqiiere mensas ;
lam veniet virgo, iam dicetur hymenaeus.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee. 5

Maidens.
Cernitis, innuptae, iuvenes ? consurgite contra :
Nimirum Oetaeos * ostendit Noctifer igiies.
Sic certe est : viden ut pernieiter ^ exsilueve ?
Non temere exailuere : canent quod vincere par*' est.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee. 10

Youths.
Non facilis nobis, aequales, palnia parata est ;
Adspicite, innuptae secum ut meditata ^ requirunt.
Non frustra meditantur ; habent memorabile quod sit.
ISiec mirum, penitus quae tota mente laborant.
Nos alio * mentes, alio divisimus aures : 15

1 hide. 2 the evening star. 3 sc. mensis. * Thessalian. ^ eagerly. « sc. nobis, = it is our
,k. 7 studied (verses). » alio . . . alio, correlatives.

CATULLUS.

PREPARING THE BRIDE.

( Von Falke.)

lure igitur vincemur ; amat victoria curam.
Quare nunc animos saltern convertite vestros :
Dicere iam incipient, iam respondere decebit.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.

Maidens.
Hespere, qui caelo fertur crudelior ignis ?
Qui natam possis complexu avellere matris,
Complexu matris retinentem avellere natam
Et iuveni ardenti castam donare puellam ?
Quid faciunt hostes capta crudelius urbe ?
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.

Youths.
Hespere, qui caelo lucet iucundior ignis ?
Qui desponsa tua firnies conubia flamma,
Quae pepigere ^ viri, pepigerunt ante parentes

1 promised.

MARRIAGE HYMN. 49

Nee iimxere prius quam se tuns extulit ardor,

Quid datur a divis feliei optatius hora ? 30

Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.

Maidens.
Hesperus e nobis, aequales, abstulit unam.

Youths.
Namque tuo adventu vigilat custodia semper.
Nocte latent fures, quos idem saepe revertens,
Hespere, mutato comprendis ^ nomine eosdem. 35

At libet innuptis ficto te carpere ^ questu.
Quid tum, si carpunt tacita quem mente requirunt ? ^
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.

Maidens.
Ut flos in saeptis ^ secretus nascitur hortis,
Ignotus pecori, nullo convulsus aratro, 40

Quem mulcent aurae, firmat sol, educat imber,
Multi ilium pueri, multae optavere puellae ;
Idem cum tenui carptus defloruit ungui,
Nulli ilium pueri, nuUae optavere puellae :
Sic virgo, dum intacta manet, dum cara suis est, 45

Cum castum amisit polluto corpore florem,
Nee pueris iucunda manet, nee cara puellis.
Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.

Youths.
Ut vidua ^ in nudo vitis quae nascitur arvo
Nunquam se extollit, nunquam mitem ^ educat uvam, 50
Sed tenerum prono deflectens pondere corpus
lam iam contingit summum radice flagellum,"

' surprise. 2 j-ail at. ' long for. * inclosed. ^ = caelebs, solitary, not trained on a tree.
6 ripe. "> shoot.

ROM. LIFE 4

50 CATULLUS.

Haiic nulli agricolae, nulli accoluere iuvenci ;
At si forte eadem est ulmo coniuncta marito,
55 Multi illam agricolae, multi accoluere iuvenci :

Sic virgo, dum intacta manet, duin inculta ^ senescit •,
Cum par conubium maturo tempore adepta est,
Cara viro magis et minus est in visa parenti.

Et tu ne pugna cum tali coniuge, virgo,
60 Non aequum est pugnare, pater cui tradidit ipse,

Ipse pater cum matre quibus parere necesse est.

Yirginitas non tota tua est, ex parte parentum est;

Tertia pars patri, pars est data tertia matri,

Tertia sola tua est. Noli pugnare duobus,
65 Qui genero suo iura simul cum dote dederunt.

Hymen o Hymenaee, Hymen ades o Hymenaee.

A Roman Swell. (Ixxxiv.)

' Chommoda ' dicebat, si quando ' commoda ' vellet

Dicere et ' insidias ' Arrius ' hinsidias.'
Et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,

Cum, quantum poterat, dixerat 'hinsidias.'
5 Credo sic mater sic liber avunculus eius.

Sic maternus avus dixerit atque avia.
Hoc niisso in Syriam, requierant omnibus aures,

Audibant eadem liaec leniter ^ et leviter.
Nee sibi postilla ^ metuebant talia verba,
10 Cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis :

lonios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,

lam non ' lonios ' esse sed ' Hionios ' !

1 uncared-for. ^ i.e., without aspiration, s ^ postea.

BOSTON UNIVdKSItY
COLLEGE •FL-ISERAL ARTS

VIII. GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR.

CAESAR.

(Naples Museum.)

Gaius Julius Caesar, whose family traced its
origin back to the Trojan Aeneas, was born July
12th, 100 B.C. He received the usual education of
a patrician youth, and at the same time a thorough
training in affairs of war and statesmanship in the
struggle between the patricians and plebeians,
which was going on during his early years. He
gradually identified himself with the democracy
by his marriage in 83 b.c. with Cornelia, daughter
of Cinna, who was at that time the leader of the
Marian party. By this marriage he incurred the
hostility of the dictator Sulla, who ordered him to
divorce Cornelia, and Caesar remained away from
Rome until Sulla's death in 78 b.c. On his return,
after signal successes as an orator, he went to
Rhodes to study rhetoric under Apollonius Molon.
On his return to Rome in 74 b.c. he was elected
successively pontiff, military tribune, and quaestor.
His marriage with Pompeia, cousin of Pompey the Great, brought him into
more intimate relations with the latter and with the people's party, and he was
careful to strengthen his popularity by all possible means. In the conspiracy of
Catiline he wisely kept himself in the background, but opposed the execution
of the convicted conspirators. After serving as propraetor in Spain, Caesar
was made consul (59 b.c), and formed, with Pompey and Crassus, the First
Triumvirate. His growing power excited the apprehension of the Senate, and,
in order to keep him away from Rome, the Senate assigned to him as proconsul
the provinces of Gaul and Illyricum for five years. It was in these campaigns
(58-51 B.C.) that Caesar's generalship and successes gained for him the title of
one of the greatest commanders of all time. Crassus died in battle (53 b.c), when
Caesar's successes in Gaul had excited the jealousy of Pompey. It had been
agreed that Caesar's term of office in that province should be extended to ten
years, but in 50 b.c. it was proposed in the Senate that Caesar should give up
his command. In the following year, a resolution was passed, making him a
public enemy unless he should disband his army. This was the beginning of
civil war. Caesar advanced to Rome, receiving the submission of the cities
through which he passed, and by his victory over Pompey at Pharsalus (Aug. 9,
48 B.C.) made himself master of Rome ; and Pompey fled to Egypt, where he
was murdered. Caesar's victory over his enemies, Cato and Scipio, at Thapsus

CAESAR.

(April 6, 46 b.c), ended the war, and he returned to Rome with supreme
power. An insurrection in Spain, excited by the sons of Pompey, was sup-
pressed in the battle of Munda (45 b.c), and Caesar was free to carry out the
work of reform. He corrected the calendar, and made wise plans for righting
abuses in the laws and administration of the state, for adorning the city, and
extending the Empire. These plans he was, however, unable to see completed,
although many great changes were wrought in a very short time. His career
was closed by his assassination on March 15th, 44 b.c.

DEATH OF CAESAR.

{From the painting by Gerome.)

Caesar's literary reputation rests chiefly on his Commentaries on the Gallic
War, the best known and most widely studied military note-book of all ages.
In it he set down, in simple language, a straightforward narrative of his cam-
paigns, remarkable for its concise descriptions of regions, peoples, and customs,
and in its revelation of the character of the writer, — his personal courage, his
mastery of tactics, his power of overcoming natural obstacles, his indomitable
perseverance. The Commentaries are in eight books, the last of which is the

THE CUSTOMS AND RELIGION OF THE GAULS. 53

work of Caesar's friend Hirtius. There remains also a treatise by Caesar on the
Civil War in three books. Other works that pass under his name were not
written by him.

An interesting life of Caesar is that of Froude (N. Y. 1884) and that of
Anthony Trollope (London, 1870). A study of his campaigns is that of Col.
T. A. Dodge (N, Y. 1892). His work as a statesman and organizer is analyzed
by Fowler in his book Julius Caesar and the Organization of the Boman
Empire (N. Y. 1892). There is a good edition of his Gallic War by Peskett in
five volumes (Cambridge, 1878-82), and of the Civil War by the same scholar
(1890). There is a special lexicon to Caesar by Mensel (Berlin, 1884 foil.).
See an interesting article by Ropes, The Likenesses of Julius Caesar, in Scrih-
ner''s Monthly for February, 1887.

The Customs and Religion of the Gauls. {B. G. vi. 13-20.)

13. In omni Gallia eorum hominum, qui ali-
quo sunt numero atque honore, genera sunt
duo. Nam plebes paene servorum habetur
loco, quae nihil auclet per se, nullo adhibetur
consilio. Plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut 5
magnitudine tributorum aut iniuria potentio-
HEAD OF GAUL. y^iyr prcmuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobi-
^"* ' libus ; in lios eadem omnia sunt iura, quae

dominis in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est Drui-
dum, alterum equitum. Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia 10
publica ac privata procurant, religiones ^ interpretantur ; ad eos
magnus adulescentium numerus disci]3linae causa concurrit,
magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus con-
troversiis publicis privatisque constituunt, et si quod est admis-
sum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, si de finibus 15
controversia est, idem decernunt, praemia poenasque consti-
tuunt ; si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto non stetit,
sacrificiis interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima
Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum

1 reliffious rites.

54 CAESAR.

20 habentur, his omnes decedunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt,
ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant, neque his petentibus
ins redditur neque honos ullus communicatur. His autem omni-
bus Druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos habet auctori-
tatem. Hoc mortuo aut, si qui ex reliquis excellit dignitate,

25 succedit, aut, si sunt plures pares, suffragio Druidum, nonnuni-
quam etiani armis de principatu contendunt. Hi certo anni
tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media
habetur, considunt in loco consecrato. Hue omnes undique, qui
controversias habent, conveniunt eorumque decretis iudiciisque

30 parent. Disciplina ^ in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam
translata esse existimatur, et nunc, qui diligentius eam rem cog-
noscere volunt, plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur.

14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum
reliquis pendunt, militiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent

35 immunitatem. Tantis excitati praemiis et sua sponte multi in
disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur.
Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere^ dicuntur. Itaque
annos nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. Neque fas esse
existimant ea litteris mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publi-

40 cis privatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris utantur. Id mihi
duabus de causis instituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgum dis-
ciplinam efferri velint neque eos, qui discunt, litteris confisos
minus memoriae studere ; quod fere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio
litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant.

45 Imprimis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis
post mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtutem
excitari putant, metu mortis neglecto. Multa praeterea de sideri-
bus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de
rerum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate disputant

50 et iuventuti tradunt.

1 system. ^ couiuiit to memory.

THE CUSTOMS AND RELIGION OF THE CxAULS. 55

16. Natio est omnium Gallonim admodum dedita religionibus,
atque ob eam causam, qui sunt affecti gravioribus morbis quique
in proeliis periculisque versantur, aut pro victimis homines
immolant aut se immolaturos vovent administrisque ad ea sacri-
licia Druidibus utuntur, quod, pro vita hominis nisi liominis vita 55
reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbi-
trantur, publiceque eiusdem generis liabent instituta sacrificia.
Alii immani niagnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta
viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent; quibus succensis
circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Supplicia eorum, 60
qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxa sint comprehensi,
gratiora dis immortalibus esse arbitrantur; sed cum eius generis
copia defecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt.

17. Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plurima
simulacra, hunc omnium inventorum artium ferunt, hunc viarum 65
atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque
habere vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hunc Apollinem et
Martem et lovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere, quam
reliquae gentes, habent opinionem: Apollinem morbos depellere,
Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere, lovem im- 70
perium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere. Huic, cum
proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea, quae bello ceperint, plerumque
devovent; cum superaverunt, animalia capta immolant reliquas-
que res in unum locum conferunt. Multis in civitatibus harum
rerum exstructos tumulos locis consecratis conspicari licet; neque 75
saepe accidit, ut neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se
occultare aut posita tollere auderet, gravissimumque ei rei
supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est.

18. Galli se omnes ab Dite ^ patre prognatos praedicant idque

ab Druidibus proditum dicunt. Ob eam causam spatia omnis 80
temporis non numero dierum, sed noctium liniunt; dies natales

1 Pluto.

CAESAR.

et mensium et annorum initia sic observant, ut noctem dies sub-
sequatur. In reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquis differ-
unt, quod suos liberos, nisi cum adoleverunt, ut munus militiae
85 sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur filiumque
puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris assistere turpe ducunt.
19. Viri, quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis ^ nomine accepe-
runt, tantas ex suis bonis aestimatione facta cum dotibus com-
municant. Huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur

DYING GAUL.

{CapitoUne Museum. Rome.)

90 fructusque^ servantur; uter eorum vita superavit, ad eum pars
utriusque cum f ructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. Viri in
uxores, sicuti in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem; et
cum f)aterfamiliae illustriore loco natus decessit, eius propinqui
conveniunt et, de morte si res in suspicionem venit, de uxoribus

95 in servilem modum quaestionem^ habent et, si compertum est,
igni atque omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. Funera
sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sum2:)tuosa; omniaque, quae
vivis cordi fuisse ^ arbitrantur, in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia,

1 dowry. 2 interest. 8 investigation, trial. * dear to.

THE HERCYNIAN FOREST. 57

ac paulo supra hanc inemoriam servi et clientes, quos ab iis dilectos
esse constabat, iustis funeribus confectis una cremabantur. lOO

20. Quae civitates commoclius suani rem publicam administrare
existimantur, habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica
a linitimis rumore aut fama acceperit, uti ad magistratum deferat
neve cum quo alio communicet, quod saepe homines temerarios
atque imperitos falsis riimoribus terreri et ad facinus impelli et de 105
summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est. Magistratus, quae
visa sunt, occultant, quaeque esse ex usu iudicaverunt, multi-
tudini produnt. De re publica nisi per concilium loqui non conce-
ditur.

The Hercynian Forest. {B. G. vi. 25-28.)

25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est,
latitude novem dierum iter expedito ^ patet; non enim aliter
liniri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt. Oritur ab
Helvetiorum et Nemetum et Eauricorum finibius rectaque flumi-
nis Danuvii regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium; 5
hinc se fiectit sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionibus multa-
rumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit: neque
quisquam est huius Germaniae, qui se aut adisse ad initium eius
silvae dicat, cum dierum iter lx processerit, aut, quo ex loco
oriatur, acceperit, multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, 10
quae reliquis in locis visa non sint; ex quibus quae maxime
differant ab ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur, haec sunt.

26. Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aures unum
cornu exsistit excelsius magisque directum his, quae nobis nota
sunt, cornibus; ab eius summo sicut palmae ramique late diffun- 15
duntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma
magnitudoque cornuum.

27. Sunt item, quae appellantur alces.^ Harum est consimilis
capris figura et varietas pellium, sed magnitudine paulo ante-

^ active. 2 elks.

58 CAESAR.

20 cedunt mutilaeque ^ sunt cornibus et crura sine noclis articulisque
habent^ neque quietis causa procumbunt neque, si quo afflictae
casu conciderunt, erigere sese aut sublevare possunt. His sunt
arbores pro cubilibus ^ : ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo
reclinatae quietem capiunt. Quarum ex vestigiis cum est animad-

25 versum a venatoribus, quo se recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco
aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores tan turn, ut summa
species earum stantium relinquatur. Hue cum se consuetudine
reclinaverunt, infirmas arbores pondere affligunt atque una ipsae
concidunt.

SO 28. Tertium est genus eorum, qui uri ^ appellantur. Hi sunt
magnitudine paulo infra elepliantos, specie et colore et ligura
tauri. Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas, neque homini
neque ferae, quam conspexerunt, parcunt. Hos studiose foveis ^
captos interficiunt. Hoc se labore durant adulescentes atque hoc

35 genere venationis exercent, et qui plurimos ex his interfecerunt,
relatis in publicum cornibus, quae sint testimonio, magnam ferunt
laudem. Sed assuescere ad homines et mansuefieri ne parvuli
quidem excepti possunt. Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species
multum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt. Haec studiose con-

40 quisita ab labris^ argeuto circumcludunt atque in amplissimis
epulis pro poculis utuntur.

1 without horns. ^ resting place. 3 bisons. * pitfalls. ^ rims.

IX. PUBLILIUS SYRUS.

Publilius Syrus, who was probably a native of Antioch, flourished in Rome
toward the second half of the first century b.c. He was a very successful
writer for the stage, contributing pieces (mimes, mimi) that were remarkable
for their epigrammatic sayings, which were collected and published after his
death under the title of Sententiae (moral maxims). About seven hundred of
these have been preserved and have been separately edited by 0. Friedrich
(Berlin, 1880). They are in various kinds of verse (iambic and trochaic) and
consist of a single line each.

Saws and Maxims.

1. Aut amat aut odit mulier, nihil est tertium.

2. Amici vitia si feras, facias tua.^

3. Absentem laedit, cum ebrio qui litigat.^

4. Amans quod suspicatur, vigilans somniat.

5. Bis gratum est, quo dato opus est ultro si offeras.

6. Beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere.

7. Bona nemini hora est, ut non alicui sit mala.

8. Bonus animus laesus gravius multo irascitur.

9. Beneficium dando accepit qui digno dedit.

10. Crudelem medicum intemperans ^ aeger * facit.

11. Cum inimico nemo in gratiam tuto redit.

12. Comes facundus in via pro vehiculo est.

13. Discipulus est prions posterior dies.

14. Deliberandum est saepe, statuendum est semel.

15. Ducis in consilio posita est virtus militum.

* your own. ^ wrang-les. ^ disobedient. * patient.
59

60 PUBLILIUS SYRUS.

16. Deliberando saepe perit occasio.

17. Deos ridere credo cum felix vocer.

18. Fortunam citius reperias quam retineas.

19. Formosa facies muta commendatio est.

20. Fraus est accipere quod non potest reddere.

21. Feminae naturam regere desperare ^ est otium.

22. Fortuna vitrea est : tum cum splendet frangitur.

23. Gravis animi poena est quem post ^ facti paenitet.

24. Heu quam est timendus qui mori tutum putat!

25. Heredis fletus sub persona ^ risus est.

26. Improbe Neptunum accusat qui iterum naufragium facit.

27. Mala secum agit aeger, medicum qui heredem facit.

28. Malum est consilium quod mutari non potest.

29. Non turpis est cicatrix quam virtus parit.

30. Non pote non sapere qui se stultum intellegit.

31. Pars benefici est, quod petitur si belle neges.

32. Stultum facit Fortuna quem vult perdere.

33. Thesaurum in sepulcro ponit, qui senem heredem facit.

34. Unus dies poenam adfert quam multi citant.

35. Voluptas e difficili data dulcissima est.

36. Ubi peccat aetas maior, male discit minor.

1 give up all hope of. 2 afterward (adverb). 3 mask.

X. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO.

CICERO.

Capitoline Museum, Rome.

Marcus Tullius Cicero was born
Jan. 3, 106 b.c, at Arpinum. His
family was of equestrian rank, al-
though not belonging to the nobil-
ity. He was educated at the best
schools of Rome, and, after as-
suming the toga virilis, devoted
himself to the study of rhetoric,
philosophy, and law, under the
greatest teachers of the day.
During the vSocial War he served
for a short time (89 b.c), retir-
ing then to private pursuits. His
reputation was established by his
speech in defense of Sex. Roscius
(81 B.C.), in whose trial he came
into opposition to Sulla. In 79
B.C. he undertook a two years'
journey to Greece and Asia, in
which he embraced every oppor-
tunity of continuing his rhetorical and philosophical studies. Returning to
Rome, he filled the office of quaestor at Lilybaeum (75 b.c), and mcreased his
renown by the exercise of his oratorical talent, notably by his speech at the
trial of C. Verres, former praetor in Sicily. In 69 b.c he became aedile, and
as praetor (66 b.c), in his oration Pro Lege 3IamUa, aided in securiilg the com-
mand in the Mithridatic War for Pompey, to whose interests he had attached
himself closely. He attained the consulship in 63 b.c, and rendered important
service in the detection and suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, but incurred
great hostility because of the illegal execution of the conspirators. Forced into
exile by the Triumvirate (58 b.c), he was recalled the succeeding year, but
found himself shut out from all public activity. During this period of enforced
leisure he produced the treatises De Oratore and De Bepuhlica (55 and 54
B.C.). During the years 51 and 50 he served as proconsul in Cilicia, administer-
ing the office with great energy and unselfishness. Returning at the time of the
rupture between Caesar and Pompey, he espoused the cause of the latter, but
after the battle of Pharsalus withdrew his support, and obtained pardon from
Caesar and permission to return to Rome. During the interval previous to the
death of Caesar most of his great literary works were composed. After Caesar's

62 CICERO.

assassination, which he greeted with great joy, he once more entered public life
in the struggle against Antony ; but when, after the defeat of the latter, Octavi-
anus turned his arms against the Senate, and the Second Triumvirate was
formed, Cicero became one of the first victims of the proscriptions which
followed. He was overtaken, while fleeing, near his estate at Formiae, and
murdered (Dec. 7, 43 b.c). Cicero's immense literary activity, his participa-
tion in the public affairs of an important period, and his supreme command of
oratory, produced a body of rhetorical Latin which for literary perfection and
historical value takes first rank among Latin prose writings. The style of the
orations is of sustained dignity, showing absolute command of the niceties of
language, but permeated throughout by the unconquerable vanity and egotism
of the author, and frequently weakened by the very perfection of the rhetoric.
The titles of nearly eighty orations are given, of which only thirty-six have
come down to us complete, while about twenty are extant in more or less
fragmentary form. Almost all of these orations represent some important
juncture in Roman affairs, and are invaluable aids to the historical study of the
period.

Cicero's philosophical writings embrace thirty titles, of which the best known
are the treatises De Oratore, De Officiis, and De Natura Beorum, each in three
books; De Senectute {Cato Maior) ; De Amicitia {Laelius) ; Tusculanae Dis-
putationes, in five books ; Academica, in four books ; De Finibus, in five books ;
and De Legibns, in six books.

Of his correspondence we have upwards of eight hundred letters, extending
over a space of twenty-six years. Of his other writings, poetical, historical, and
miscellaneous, only fragments and rare traces remain.

The standard text of the whole of Cicero is that of C. F. W. Miiller (Leipzig,
1878 foil.). A fine edition of his correspondence, with notes, is that by Tyrrell
and Pur^r (Dublin and London), still in course of publication. The most
vivid and striking life of Cicero is that by Anthony Trollope (1880) ; the most
recent, that by Davidson (1894). Reference may also be made to Church's
Boman Life in the Daijs of Cicero (1883); Boissier's Ciceron et ses Amis (last
ed. 1888); and Fausset's adaptation from Munk, under the English title of
The Student's Cicero (1890).

The Praises of Literature. {Pro Archia, vi.)

Ego vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat,
si qui ita se litteris abdiderimt, ut nihil possint ex iis neque ad
communem afferre f ructum neque in aspectum lucemque prof erre ;
me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, indices, ut a

THE PRAISES OF LITERATURE. 63

nullius unquam me tempore aut commodo^ aut otium meum 5
abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique somnus retardarit?

Quare quis tandem me reprehendat aut quis mihi iure suc-
censeat,'-^ si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quantum ad
festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias volu|)tates et
ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum, quan- lO
tum alii tribuunt tempestivis ^ conviviis, quantum denique
alveolo/ quantum pilae,^ tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia
recolenda sumpsero? Atque hoc eo mihi concedendum est magis,
quod ex his studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae,
quantacumque in me est, nunquam amicorum periculis defuit. 15
Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt,
ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis
multisque litteris mihi ab adolescentia suasissem, nihil esse in
vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in
ea autem persequenda omnes cruciatus corporis, omnia pericula 20
mortis atque exsilii parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute
vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum
hominum cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed pleni omnes
sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas :
quae iacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. 25
Quam multas nobis imagines ^ non solum ad intuendum, verum
etiam ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores
et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt; quas ego mihi semper in admini-
stranda re publica proponens animum et mentem meam ipsa
cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. 30

Quaeret quispiam: 'Quid? illi ipsi summi viri, quorum virtutes
litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam tu effers laudibus,
eruditi fuerunt? ' Difficile est hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed
tamen est certum, quod respondeam. Ego multos homines
excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse sine doctrina, et naturae ipsius 35

* needs. 2 ^g otfended. 3 early. * dice. ^ ball, c portraits.

64 CICERO.

habitu prope clivino per se ipsos et moderatos et graves exstitisse
fateor; etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem
naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam.
Atque ^ idem ego hoc contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque

40 illustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, tum
illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere: ex
hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri viderunt, divinum
hominem Africanum;^ ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, modera-
tissimos homines et continentissimos; ex hoc fortissimum virum

45 et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem: qui
profecto, si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris
adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent.

Quod si non hie tantus frnctus ostenderetur et si ex his studiis
delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut opinor, hanc animi adversi-

50 onem humanissimum ac liberalissimum iudicaretis. Nam ceterae
neque temporum sunt neque aetatum omnium neque locorum : haec
studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res
ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi,
non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusti-

55 cantur.

A Good Old Age. (De Senectute, xviii.)

Sed in omni oratione mementote earn me senectutem laudare
quae fundamentis adulescentiae constituta sit. Ex quo efficitur
id quod ego magno quondam cum assensu omnium dixi, " miseram
esse senectutem quae se oratione^ defenderet." Non cani, non

5 rugae* repente auctoritatem arripere possunt; sed honeste acta
superior aetas fructus capit auctoritatis extremos. Haec enim
ipsa sunt honorabilia quae videntur levia atque communia,
salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi, deduci, reduci, consuli; quae et
apud nos et in aliis civitatibus, ut quaeque optime morata, ita

10 diligentissime observantur. Lysandrum Lacedaemonium, cuius

* also. 2 Scipio the younger. ^ argument, * wrinkles.

A GOOD OLD AGE. 65

modo mentionem feci, dicere aiunt solitum Lacedaemonem esse
lionestissimum doniicilium senectutis: iiusquam enim tantum
tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectus honoratior. Quiii etiain
memoriae proditimi est, cum Atlienis ludis quidam in tlieatrum
grandis natu venisset, in magno consessu locum nusquam ei datum 15
a suis civibus; cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui
legati ^ cum essent certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse
omnes et senem ilium sessum recepisse. Quibus cum a cuncto
consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex iis quendam,
" Athenienses scire quae recta essent, sed facere nolle." Multa in 20
nostro collegio praeclara, sed hoc de quo agimus in primis, quod,
ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet;
neque solum lionore antecedentibus ^ sed iis etiam qui cum
imperio^ sunt maiores natu augures anteponuntur. Quae sunt
igitur voluptates corporis cum auctoritatis praemiis comparandae? 25
Quibus qui splendide usi sunt, ii mild videntur fabulam * aetatis
peregisse, nee tamquam inexercitati histriones in extremo actu
corruisse.^ At sunt morosi et anxii et iracundi et difficiles senes.
Si quaerimus, etiam avari : sed haec morum ^ vitia sunt, non
senectutis. Ac morositas tamen et ea vitia quae dixi habent 30
aliquid excusationis, non illius quidem iustae sed quae probari
posse videatur : contemni se putant, despici, illudi : praeterea in
fragili corpore odiosa omnis offensio est. Quae tamen omnia
dulciora fiunt et moribus bonis et artibus; idque cum in vita tum
in scenil intelligi potest ex iis fratribus qui in Adelphis sunt. 35
Quanta in altero duritas, in altero comitas ! Sic se res habet; ut
enim non omne vinum, sic non omnis aetas vetu state coacescit.^
Severitatem in senectute probo, sed eam sicut alia modicam ; acer-
bitatem nullo modo. Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit non
intellego. Potest enim quidquam esse absurdius quam quo minus 40
nae restat eo plus viatici quaerere ?

1 ambassadors. 2 superior. 3 military authority. * drama. B to have broken down.
> character. ' grows sour.

ROM. LIFE — 5

C6 CICERO.

A Letter from Exile. (Ad Favi. xiv. 4.)

TULLIUS TEREXTIAE ET TULLTOLAE ET CICERONI SUIS S. P. D.^

Ego minus saepe do acl vos litteras, quam possum, propterea
quod cum omnia milii temi)ora sunt misera, turn vero, cum aut
scribo ad vos, aut vestras lego, conficior laciimis sic, ut ferre non
possim. Quod utinam minus vitae cupidi fuissemus ! certe nihil

5 aut non multum in vita mali vidissemus. Quodsi nos ad aliquam
alicuius commodi aliquando reciperandi spem fortuna reservavit,
minus est erratum a nobis ; sin haec mala fixa sunt, ego vero
te quam primum, mea vita, cupio videre et in tuo complexu
emori, quoniam neque dii, quos tu castissime coluisti, neque

10 homines quibus ego semper servivi, nobis gratiam rettulerunt.
Nos Brundisii apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies XIII. fuimus,
virum optimum, qui periculum fortunarum et capitis sui prae
mea salute neglexit, neque legis improbissimae poena deductus
est, quo minus hospitii et amicitiae ius officiumque praestaret.

15 Huic utinam aliquando gratiam referre possimus ! habebimus
quidem semper. Brundisio profocti sumus prid. Kalendas Maias:
per Macedonian! Cyzicum petebamus. 0 me perditum ! 0 afflic-
tum ! quid nunc rogem te ut venias, mulierem aegram, et corpore
et animo confectam? Non rogem? Sine te igitur sim ? Opinor,

20 sic again : si est spes nostri reditus, eam confirmes et rem adiuves ;
sin, ut ego metuo, transactum est,^ quoquo modo potes ad me fac
venias. Unum hoc scito : si te habebo, non milii videbor plane
perisse. Sed quid Tulliola mea fiet? lam idvosvidete; mihi
deest consilium. Sed certe, quoquo modo se res habebit, illius

25 misellae-^ et matrimonio et famae servienduin est. Quid ? Cicero
meus quid aget ? Iste vero sit in sinu semper et complexu meo.
Non queo plura iam scribere : impedit maeror. Tu quid egeris
nescio : utrum aliquid teneas, an, quod metuo, plane sis spoliata.

1 salutem ])lii7'l)nam (licit. 2 all is up. » poor girl.

A LETTER FROM EXILE. 67

Pisonem, ut scribis, spero fore semper nostrum, De familiii
liberata, nihil est, quod te moveat. Primum, tuis ita promissum 30
est, te facturam esse, ut quisque esset meritus. Est autem in
officio adhuc Orpheus ; praeterea magno opere nemo. Ceterorum
servorum ea causa est, ut, si res a nobis abisset, liberti nostri
essent, si obtinere potuissent; sin ad nos pertineret, servirent,
praeterquam oppido^ piuci. Sed haec minora sunt. Tu quod 35
me hortaris, ut animo sim magno et spem habeam reciperandae
salutis, id velim sit eius modi, ut reete sperare possimus. Nunc,
miser quando tuas iam litteras accipiam? qiiis ad me perferet?
quas ego exspectassem Briindisii, si esset licitum per nautas, qui
tempestatem praetermittere noluerunt. Quod reliquum est, sus- 40
tenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes, honestissime. Viximus ; flo-
ruimus ; non vitium nostrum sed virtus nostra nos afflixit.
Peccatum est nullum, nisi quod non una an imam cum orna-
mentis amisimus. Sed si hoc fuit liberis nostris gratius, nos
vivere, cetera, quamquam ferenda non sunt, fe ramus. Atque 45
ego, qui te confirmo, ipse me non possum. Clodium Philhe-
taerum, quod valetudine oculorum impediebatur, hominem fide-
lem, remisi. Salustius officio vincit omnes. Pescennius est
perbenevolus nobis ; quem semper spero tui fore observantem.
Sicca dixerat se mecum fore, sed Brundisio discessit. Cura, 50
quoad potes, ut valeas, et sic existimes, me vehementius tua
miseria quam mea commoveri. Mea Terentia, fidissima atque
optima uxor, et mea carissima filiola, et spes reliqua nostra,
Cicero, valete.

Pridie Kalendas Maias, Brundisio. 55

1 exceedingly.

XT. PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO.

Publius Vergilius Maro was born 70 b.c. at Andes near Mantua, and died at
Brundusium, 19 b.c. Little is known with certainty of his personal history, and
no information is afforded by his own writings. His education was begun at
Cremona and continued at Milan and Naples, where he devoted himself espe-

HORACE. VARIUS AND MAECENAS.

{From the Painting by Jalabert.)

cially to the study of Greek poetry and philosophy. To this period is assigned
the composition of some of his minor poems. He then returned to his farm,
and busied himself in study and writing. His first important work was a series
of ten pastoral poems, to which he gave the name of Eclogues, and which at
once established his fame and popularity. This work is said to have been
undertaken at the suggestion of Asinius Pollio, then military governor of the

VERGIL. 69

region. After the defeat of the repubhcan army at I'hilippi, a division of lands
was made to reward the soldiery, and Vergil's farm was confiscated among the
rest. On the advice of Pollio he went to Rome, and secured from Augustus
the restoration of his estate, which, however, seems not to have been effected, as
he is described as chased by the liolder of the lands and forced to swim the
Mincius to save his life. Shortly after this he removed to Rome, where his
reputation brought him great respect among the highest circles. At the age of
thirty-three he took up his residence at Nola, near Naples, where he spent a great
portion of his time. At the request of Maecenas, it is said, he now undertook
the composition of the Georgics, four books on husbandry, with the view of
bringing back a love of rural pursuits. Those poems are considered the most
elaborate and highly polished of his works. In both Eclogues and Georgics the
influence of Vergil's study of the Greek poets is evident, the Eclogues being an
adaptation of Theocritus, and the Georgics an imitation of Hesiod. After the
establishment of the Empire, Vergil, at the request of Augustus, began his great-
est work, the Aeneid. This great epic was commenced in the year in which he
completed the Georgics^ and occupied him until his death. The poem uses the
material and follows the arrangement of the Iliad and Odyssey, but unlike
Homer's epic the Aeueid shows the highest perfection of literary art. It is
the most elaborated production of a highly artificial age, and is dominated by
one purpose, — the exaltation of Rome and the Julian gens. On the completion
of the poem in its present form, Vergil went to Greece with the intention of
spending some years in a final revision of his great work; but soon after his
arrival there he was prevailed upon by Augustus to accompany him to Italy,
where he died soon after reaching Brundusium. He is said to have ordered the
Aeneid to be burned, being unwilling to have it published in its unfinished con-
dition, but it was preserved by the request of Augustus and submitted to the
judgment of his friends Tucca and Varius, who made it public. Vergil was buried,
by his own desire, at Posilippo near Naples, where what purports to be his tomb
is still shown.

In person he was tall, dark, and slender, of delicate health, and of a very shy
and retiring disposition. It is related that he often entered shops or turned aside
in the streets to avoid public recognition. There is no authentic portrait of Ver-
gil known to be in existence. In the Middle Ages, popular tradition made Vergil
a famous magician, and many marvelous stories were told of him, regarding which
reference may be made to Tunison's Master Vergil (Cincinnati, 1889).

A standard text of the whole of Vergil is that of Ribbeck (Leipzig, 1867).
There is an excellent commentary in English by Conington, revised by Nettle-
ship, with admirable introductions (4th ed. London, 1881-88). Professor Con-
ington also published a good prose translation (.3d ed. London, 1882), and there
is one by Lonsdale and Lee (12th ed. London, 1890). Good verse translations
of the Aeneid are those of Conington (6th ed. London, 1881); W. Morris (Lon-

VERGIL.

don, 1876) ; and Thornhill (Dublin, 1886). There is an excellent literary study
of Vergil in Sellar's Boman Poets of the Augustan Age (2d ed. Oxford, 1883) ;
and of the Aeneid in Nettleship's Lectures and Essays (Oxford, 1885). Harper
and Miller's edition of the Aeneid (Books I.-VI.) and Bucolics (New York,
1892) has excellent literary and historical notes.

Mine Hostess. (Copa.)

Copa Surisca, caput Graia redimita mitella,^
Crispum ^ sub crotalo ^ docta movere latus,

Ebria fumosa saltat lasciva taberna,
Ad cubitum "* raucos excutiens calamos.
5 Quid iuvat aestivo defessum pulvere abesse?

Quam potius bibulo^ decubuisse toro!

FRESCO. {Pomjjeii.)

Sunt cupae^ et calices, cyathi, rosa, tibia, chordae,'
Et trichila^ umbriferis frigida arundinibus;

En et, Maenalio quae garrit dulce sub antro,
10 Rustica pastoris fistula ^ in ore sonat.

Est et vappa,^*^ cado" nuper defusa picato,^^
Et strepitans rauco murmure rivus aquae.

Sunt etiam croceo violae de flore corollae,
Sertaque purpurea lutea ^^ mixta rosa,

^ hood. 2 lithe. 3 castanet. * elbow, s jovial, c casks. '' strinfred instrument,
house. 3 shepherd's pipe, i" cheap -vvine. ^i jar. 12 pitched. i3 golden.

8 summer

LAOCOON. 71

Et quae virgineo libata Aclielois ab amne 15

Lilia vimineis attulit in calatliis.
Sunt et caseoli,^ quos iuncea fiscina ' siccat;

Sunt autumnal! cerea pruna^ die,
Castaneaeque * nuces et suave rubentia mala;

Est liic munda Ceres, est Amor, est Bromius.^ 20

Sunt et mora^ cruenta, et lentis uva racemis,'

Et pendet iunco caeruleus cucumis.^
Est tuguri ^ custos, armatus falce saligna,

Sed non et vasto est inguine terribilis.
Hue, Alabita, veni : lassus iam sudat asellus ; 25

Parce illi : Vestae delicium est asinus.
Nunc cantu crebro rumpunt arbusta cicadae;

Nunc viridis gelida saepe ^° lacerta latet.
Si sapis, aestivo recubans te prolue " vitro,

Seu vis crystallo ferre novos calices. 30

Eia age pampinea^^ fessus requiesce sub umbra,

Et gravidum roseo necte caput strophio/^
Formosus tenerae decerpens or a puellae.

Ah pereat, cui sunt prisca supercilia !
Quid cineri ingrato servas bene olentia serta? 35

Anne coronato vis lapide ossa tegi?
Pone merum et talos! ^* Pereat, qui crastina^^ curat!

LaocoOn. (Aen. ii. 201-227.)

Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos,
Sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras.
Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta —

1 cheeses. 2 rush-basket. 3 plums. * chestnuts. ^ Bacchus. ^ mulberries. ^ clusters.
8 cucumber. ^ cottage, ^o hedge. " moisten. 12 Qf the vine. ^^ garland. " dice. ^^ the
morrow.

72 VERGIL.

Horresco referens immensis orbibus angues

5 Incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt :

Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque^
Sanguineae superant undas, pars cetera pontum
Pone ^ legit sinuatque immensa volumine terga.
Fit sonitus spumante salo. lamque arva tenebant;

10 Ardentesque oculos suffecti ^ sanguine et igni,

Sibila * lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora.
Diffugimus visu exsangues. Illi agmine certo
Laocoonta petunt, et primum parva duorum
Corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque

15 Implicat, et miseros morsu depascitur artus;

Post ipsum auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem
Corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus, et iam
Bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea^ circum
Terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis.

20 Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos,

Perfusus sanie ^ vittas '^ atroque veneno,
Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit :
Quales mugitus/ fugit cum saucius aram
Taurus et incertam excussit cervice securim.^

25 At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones

Effugiunt, saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem,
Sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur.
Turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis
Insinuat pavor; et scelus expendisse merentem

30 Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur

Laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit liastam.
Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque divae
Numina conclamant.

1 crest. 2 behind. 3 suffused, * hissing. ^ scaly. « gore. ^ fiUets. » roa

DEATH OF LAOCOON. (Vatican Museum.)

Illi agmine certo
Laocoonta petunt II: 212.

Tin: HARPIES.

The Harpies. (Aeu. iii. 219-244.)

Hue ubi delati ^ portiis iiitravimus, ecce
Lcaeta bourn passim campis armenta^ videinus
Capri genumque pecus, iiullo (uistode, per herbas.
Irruimus ferro, et divos ipsumque vocamus
In partem praedamque^ lovem : tum litore curvo
Exstruimusque toros, dapibusque'* epulamur^ opimis.
At subitae horritico lapsu de montibus iidsunt
Harpyiae et magnis quatiunt" clangoribus'^ alas,

HARPY.

{From an Etruscan vase)

Diripiuiitque dapes, contactuque omnia foedant

Immundo ; tum vox taetmm dira inter odorem. lo

Rursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata,

Arboribus clausi circum atque horrentibus umbris,

Instruimus mensas, arisque reponimus ignem ;

Rursum ex diverso caeli caecisque latebris

Turba sonans praedam pedibus ciucumvolat uncis,^ 15

Polluit^" ore dapes. Sociis tunc arma capessant/^

Edico, et dira bellum cum gente gerendum.

Hand secus ac iussi faciunt, tectosque per lierbam

1 carried. 2 herds.
^^ pollute. 11 seize.

hendiadys. * banquet, s feast, c rich. ^ flap, s whirring. 0 hooked.

74 VERGIL.

Disponimt enses et scuta latentia condunt.
20 Ergo ubi clelapsae sonitum per curva cledere

Litora, dat signum specula^ Misenus ab alta

Aere cavo. Invaduut socii et iiova^ proelia tentant

Obscenas pelagi ferro foedare^ volucres.

Sed neque vim plumis ullam nee vulnera tergo
25 Accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae

Semiesam ^ praedam et vestigia f oeda reliuquunt.

The Cyclops. (Aeii. in. 594-G83.)

Eespicinius. Dira illuvies ^ ininiissaque ^ barba^
Consertum'^ tegunien^ spinis^; at cetera Graius
Et quondam patriis ad Troiam missus in armis.
Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit

5 Arma procul, paulum adspectu conterritus haesit,

Continuitque gradum; mox sese ad littora praeceps
Cum fletu precibusque tulit : " Per sidera testor,
Per superos atque hoc coeli spirabile lumen, ^°
Tollite me, Teucri ! quascumque abducite terras :

10 Hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum,

Et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penates.
Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est iniuria nostri,
Spargite ^^ me in fluctus vastoque immergite ponto :
Si pereo, hominum manibus periisse iuvabit."

15 Dixerat, et genua am plexus genibusque volutans ^^

Haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus,
Hortamur; quae delude agitet fortuna fateri.
Ipse pater dextram Anchises, hand multa moratus,
Dat iuveni, atque animum praesenti pignore firmat.

20 Hie haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur :

1 look-out. 2 strange. 3 cut to pieces. * half-eateii. ^ gith. c straggliug. ^ pinned. 8 gar-
ments. ^ thorn. 10 air Ave breathe. ^^ tear in pieces and scatter. ^- groveling.

THE CYCLOPS.

" Sum patrifi ex Itliacfi, comes infelicis Ulixi,
Nomeii Acliemenides, Troiam, genitore Adamasto
Paupere — mansissetque utinam fortiina! — , profectus.
Hie me, dum trepidi cmdelia limiiia linquunt,
Immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro
Deseruere. Domus saiiie dapibusque cmentis,
Intus opaca, ingens. Ipse arduus, altaque piilsat
Sidera — di, talem terris avertite pestem ! — ,
Nee visu facilis nee dietu affabilis ulli.
Visceribus miseronim et sanguine vescitur^ atro.

BLINDING OF POLYPHEMUS.

{Etruscan painting.)

Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro
Prensa manu magna medio resupinus in antro
Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque exspersa^ natarent
Limina; vidi, atro cum membra fluentia tabo'^
Manderet,^ et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus.
Hand impune quidem ; nee talia passu s Ulixes,
Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto.
Nam simul, expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus,
Cervicem inflexam jwsuit, iacuitque per antrum
Immensus, saniem eructans^ et frusta*^ cruento
Per somnum commixta mero ; nos, magna precati
Numina sortitique vices/ una undique circum

I feeds. 2 bespattered. 3 gore. * crunched. ^ belching forth. « morsels of flesh. '' choosing
places by lot.

76 VERGIL.

Fimdimur, et telo lumen terebramus ^ aciito,

Ingens, quod torva ^ solum sub fronte latebat,
45 Argolici clipei aut Plioebeae lampadis instar,^

Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras.

Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem

Kumpite !

Nam, qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro
50 Lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat.

Centum alii curva liaec habitant ad litora vulgo

Infandi Cyclopes et altis montibus errant.

Tertia iam Lunae se cornua lumine complent,

Cum vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum
55 Lustra^ domosque traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas

Prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremisco.

Victum infelicem,^ bacas ® lapidosaque corna,

Dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae.

Omnia collustrans, hanc primuni ad litora classem
60 Conspexi venientem; huic me, quaecumque fuisset,

Addixi : ^ satis est gentem effugisse nefandam.

Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite leto."

Vix ea fatus erat, summo cum monte videmus

Ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem
65 Pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem,

jNIonstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum.

Trunca manu pinus regit ^ et vestigia firmat;

Lanigerae comitantur oves — ea sola voluptas

Solamenque mali.
70 Postquam altos tetigit fluctus et aequora venit,

Luminis effossi ® fluidum lavit inde cruorem,

Dentibus infrendens ^*^ gemitu, graditurque per aequor,

lam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit.^^

1 bore out. ^ savage, shag-jry. ^ ]i]^(> 4 lairs. » miserable. •^ berries. "^ surrendered.
8 guides. 9 dug out. i" gnashing. ^^ wet.

THE DESCENT INTO HELL. 77

Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto

Supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem; 75

Verrimus ^ et proiii certantibiis aequora remis.

Sensit, et ad soiiitum vocis vestigia torsit;

Verum ubi nulla datiir dextra adfectare potestas,

Nee potis ^ lonios fluctus aequare sequendo,

Clamorem immensum toll it, quo pontus et omnes 80

Contremuere undae, penitusque exterrita tellus

Italiae, curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis.

At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus altis

Excitum ruit ad portus et litora complent ;

Cernimus adstantes nequiquam lumine torvo 85

Aetnaeos fratres, caelo capita alta ferentes,

Concilium liorrendum; quales cum vertice celso

Aeriae quercus, aut coniferae cyparissi

Constiterunt, silva alta lovis, lucusve Dianae.

Praecipites metus acer agit quocumque rudentes ^ 90

Excutere/ et ventis intendere vela secundis.

The Descent into Hell. {Aen. vi. 268 foil.)

Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram,
Perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna :
Quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna
Est iter in silvis, ubi caelum condidit umbra
luppiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem. 5

Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in fancibus Orci
Luctus et ultrices ^ posuere cubilia Curae ;
Pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus,
Et Metus, et malesuada Fames, ac turpis Egestas,
Terribiles visu formae, Letumque, Labosque; 10

Tum consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis

1 sweep over. 2 sc_ erat. s rigging, cordage. * shake out. ^ avenging.

78 VERGIL.

Gaudia, mortiferumque aclverso in limine Bellum,
Ferreique Eumenidum thalami,^ et Discordia demens,
Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis.

15 In medio ramos annosaque ^ bracchia pandit

Ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia ^ volgo
Vana tenere ferant, foliisque sub omnibus haerent.
Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum,
Centauri in foribus stabulant Scyllaeque biformes

20 Et centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae,

Horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Cliimaera,
Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae.
Corripit hie subita trepidus formidine ferrum
Aeneas, strictamque aciem "^ venientibus offert,

25 Et, ni docta comes tenuis sine corpore vitas

Admoneat volitare cava sub imagine formae,
Inruat, et frustra ferro diverberet umbras.

Hinc via, Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas.
Turbidus hie caeno vastaque voragine gurges ^

30 Aestuat atque omnem Cocyto eructat arenam.

Portitor ^ has horrendus aquas et flumina servat
Terribili squalore Charon, cui plurima mento "^
Canities ^ inculta iacet, stant lumina ® flamma,
Sordidus ex humeris nodo dependet amictas.^^

35 Ipse ratem conto^^ subigit, velisque ministrat,

Et f erruginea ^^ subvectat corpora cymba,
lam senior, sed cruda^^ deo viridisque senectus.
Hue omnis turba ad ripas effusa ruebat,
Matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita

40 Magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae,

Impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum :
Quam multa in silvis autumn i frigore primo

1 chambers. ^ aged. ^ dreams. * blade. ^ Avhirlpool. '^ ferryman. '' chin. ^ grisly beard.
9 eyes, i" garment. " pole. ^^ rust-colored. " robust.

THE j)p:8Cent into hell. 79

Lapsa cadiint folia, aut ad terrain gurgite ab alto

Qiiam niultae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus

Trans pontum fugat et terris inmittit apricis.^ 45

Stabant orantes primi transmittere cursum,

Tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore.

Navita sed tristis nunc hos nunc accipit illos,

Ast alios longe submotos arcet arena.

Aeneas miratus enim niotusque tumultu 50

"Die," ait, "0 virgo, quid volt concursus ad amnem?

Quidve petunt animae? vel quo discrimine ripas

Hae linquunt, illae remis vada livida verrunt?"

Olli ^ sic breviter fata est longaeva sacerdos :

" Anchisa generate, deum certissima proles, 55

Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque paludem;

Di cuius iurare timent et fallere numen,

Haec omnis, quam cernis, inops inhumataque^ turba est;

Portitor ille Charon ; hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti.

Nee ripas datur horrendas et rauca fiuenta 60

Transportare prius, quam sedibus ossa quierunt.

Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum ;

Tum demum admissi stagna exoptata revisunt."

Constitit Anchisa satus * et vestigia pressit,

Multa putans, sortemque animo miseratus iniquam. G5

Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentis

Leucaspim et Lyciae ductorem classis Oronten,

Quos simul, a Troia ventosa per aequora vectos,

Obriiit Auster, aqua involvens navemque virosque.

Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquunt. 70

Navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda
Per taciturn nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae.

ilU.

80 VERGIL.

Caeruleam aclvertit puppim, ripaeque propinquat.

Inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant,
75 Deturbat, laxatque foros; simul accipit alveo

Ingentem Aenean. Gemuit sub pondere cymba

Siitilis,^ et multam accepit rimosa'^ paludem.

Tandem trans fliivium incolumis vatemque virumque

Inform! limo^ glaucaque ex]3onit in ulva.^
80 Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci ^

Personat/ adverse recubans inmanis in antro.

Cui vates, borrere videns iam colla colubris,'^

Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam ^

Obiicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens
85 Corripit objectam, atque inmania terga resolvit

Fusus humi, totoque ingens extenditur antro.

Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto,

Evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae.
Continuo auditae voces vagitus^ et ingens
90 Infantumque animae flentes in limine primo,

Quos dulcis vitae exsortes ^° et ab ubere raptos

Abstulit atra dies et funere niersit acerbo.

Hos iuxta falso damnati crimine mortis.

Nee vero liae sine sorte datae, sine iudice, sedes :
95 Quaesitor Minos urnam movet; ille silentum

Conciliumque vocat vitasque et crimina discit.

Proxuma deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum

Insontes peperere manu, lucemque perosi "

Proicere animas. Quam vellent aetliere in alto
100 Nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores !

Fas obstat, tristique pains inamabilis unda

Alligat, et noviens Styx interfusa coercet.

1 patched up. 2 fuH of chinks. 3 mire. * sedge. ^ from his three throats. " makes resound.
7 serpents. ^ cake. ^ wailing, ^o deprive of. i^ loathing.

THE DESCENT INTO HELL. 81

Nee proeul liinc partem fusi nionstrantur in oinnem

Lngentes Campi; sie illos nomine dicunt.

Hie, quos durus amor crudeli tabe ^ peredit, 105

Seereti eelant ealles -^ et myrtea eircuni

Silva tegit; curae non ipsa in morte relinqunnt.

Kespicit Aeneas subito, et sub rupe sinistra
Moenia lata videt. triplici cireumdata mnro,
Quae rapidus fiammis ambit torrentibus amnis, 110

Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonant ia saxa.
Porta adversa, ingens, solidoque adamante eolumnae,
Vis ut nulla virum, non ipsi exscindere bello
Caelicolae^ valeant; stat ferrea turris ad auras,
Tisiphoneque sedens, palla succincta cruenta, 115

Vestibulum exsomnis servat noctesque diesque.
Hinc exaudiri gemitus, et saeva sonare
Verbera; turn stridor^ ferri, tractaeque catenae.
Constitit Aeneas, strepituque exterritus haesit.
"Quae scelerum facies? 0 virgo, effare; quibusve 120

Urguentur poenis? quis tantus plangor ad auras?"
Tum vates sic orsa loqui : " Dux inclute Teucrum,
Nulli fas casto sceleratum ^ insistere limen;
Sed me cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis,
Ipsa deum poenas docuit, perque omnia duxit. 125

Gnosius haec Rhadamanthus liabet durissima regna,
Castigatque auditque dolos, subigitque fateri.
Quae quis apud superos, furto laetatus inani,
Distulit in seram^ commissa piacula' mortem.
Continuo sontis ^ ultrix accincta flagello 130

Tisiplione quatit insultans, torvosque^ sinistra
Intentans angiies vocat agmina saeva sororum.

1 wasting disease. 2 defiles (noun). 3 the celestials. * clanking', s accursed. « late. '^ expi-
ations. 8 guilty. 9 savage.
ROM. LIFE 6

82 VERGIL.

Turn demum liorrisono stridentes cardine sacrae
Panduntur portae. Cernis, custodia qualis

135 Vestibule sedeat? facies quae limina servet?

Quinquaginta atris inmanis hiatibus ^ Hydra
Saevior intus habet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse
Bis patet in praeceps ^ tantum tenditque sub umbras,
Quantus ad aetherium caeli suspectus ^ Olympum.

140 Hie genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes,

Fulmine deiecti fundo volvuntur in imo.
Hie et Aloidas geminos immania vidi
Corpora, qui manibus magnum rescindere coelum
Adgressi, superisque lovem detrudere regnis.

145 Vidi et crudeles dantem * Salmonea poenas,

Dum flammas lovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi.
Quattuor hie invectus equis et lampada quassans
Per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem
Ibat ovans, divomque sibi poscebat honorem,

150 Demens! qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen

Aere et cornipedum ^ pulsu simularet equorum.
At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum
Contorsit, non ille faces nee fumea taedis ^
Lumina, praecipitemque inmani turbine adegit.

155 Nee non et'^ Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum,

Cernere erat/ per tota novem cui iugera^ corpus
Porrigitur, rostroque ^° inmanis voltur obunco ^^
Tnmortale iecur tondens ^'^ fecundaque poenis
Viscera rimaturque ^^ epulis habitatque sub alto

KiO Pectore, nee libris ^^ requies datur ulla renatis.

Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Pirithoumque?
Quos super atra silex ^^ iam iam lapsura cadentique
Imminet adsimilis; lucent genialibus altis

1 j^awning jaws. 2 fjeptli. ^ iieight. ^ suft'ering'. ^» horny-hoofed. ^ i>itch. " and also.
8 = poterat. ^ acres. ^" beak. 11 hooked. '- tearing. " explores. ^* entrails. '^ flint.

THE DESCENT INTO HELL. 83

Aurea fiilera^ tovis,- epiilaeque ante ora paratae

Regifico liixii; Furiarum maxuma iuxta 165

Accubat, et manibus prohibet contingere mensas,

Exsurgitqne facem attollens, atque intonat ore.

Hie, quibus invisi fratres, diim vita manebat,

Pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti,

Aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis, 170

Nee partem posuere suis, quae maxuma turba est,

Quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti

Impia nee veriti dominorum fallere dextras,

Inclusi poenam exspectant. Ne quaere doceri,

Quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. 175

Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radiisque ^ rotarum

Districti ^ pendent ; sedet, aeternumque ^ sedebit,

Infelix Theseus; Phlegyasque miserrimus omnes

Admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras:

' Discite iustitiam moniti, et non temnere divos.' 180

Vendidit hie auro patriam, dominumque potentem

Inposuit; fixit leges pretio atque refixit;

Hie thalamum invasit natae vetitosque^ hymenaeos;

Ausi"^ omnes inmane nefas, ausoque potiti.

Non, mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum, 185

Ferrea vox, omnes scelerum comprendere formas,

Omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim ! "

posts. 2 couches. 3 spokes. ■* stretched. '' (adverl)). '^ forbidden. ^ having dared.

XII. GAIUS CILNIUS MAECENAS.

Gains Cilnius Maecenas, a famous Roman statesman and patron of literary
men, was born about 70 b.c, and died in the year 8 b.c. In public life, he was
long the trusted adviser and friend of Augustus Caesar, but is now best known
by his munificence to the great writers of his day, especially Vergil, whose
property he saved from confiscation, and Horace, to whom he gave a compe-
tence, and who in return has immortalized his name. His house was also the
rendezvous of Tibullus, Propertius, Varius, Tucca, and many other men of
genius. As a man, he was in many ways peculiar, — nervous, a hypochondriac,
affectedly effeminate, an epicure, and almost absurd in his whimsical luxury ;
but all this appears to have been largely superficial and did not conceal his
genuine ability, generosity, and capacity for loyal friendship. He wrote on
various topics, but onlj^ a few fragments of his work remain in quotation, and
have been collected by Bahrens in his Fragmenta Poetarum Bomanorum
(Leipzig, 1886). See Milman's Life of Horace (1853).

A Lover of Life. (Quoted by Seneca, Epist. lOi.)

Debilem facito manu,
Debilem pecle, coxa^;
Tuber ^ adstrue gibberum,
Lubricos quate denies;
Vita dum superest, bene est.^
Hanc mihi, vel acuta
Si sedeam cruce, sustine.

To ILorace. (Quoted by Suetonius, Vit. ILor.)

Ni te visceribus meis, Horati,
Plus iam diligo, tu tuum sodalem'*
Hinnulo^ videas strigosiorem.^

1 hip. 2 hump. 3 it's all rij,'ht. •* friend. ^ mule. '' more scraggy,
84

XIIT. QUINTUS IIORATIUS FLACCUS.

HOKACK.

{From gem in British Museum.)

Quintus Iloratius Flaccus was born 05 b.c. at
Venusia in the Apennines, and died 8 n.c. Most
of the known details of his life are gathered from
his own writings. From them we learn that his
fatlier was a freedman, who had probably obtained
his freedom before the birth of Horace. At an
early age Horace was placed in school at Home, and
later was sent to Athens to finish his education.
While he was studying there he was made tribune in
the army of Brutus, with whom he went to Asia
Minor, sharing the defeat at Philippi (42 b.c).
Receiving, with others, permission to return to
Italy, he settled in Rome, suffering, however, the
loss of his patrimony, which induced him to court notice by writing verses.
He became acquainted with Vergil and Varius, who introduced him to his
future patron, Maecenas. The latter was not at first desirous of receiving the
tribune of Brutus into his circle, and it was not until nearly a year after the
introduction that he sent for Horace. Thereafter he was the closest friend
of the poet, who became intimate at his house with many influential men.
Through him, probably, Horace was introduced to Augustus. From Maecenas
also he received as a present a small estate in the Sabine country, near Tibur,
where he passed a part of each year in retirement. His life was not eventful.
Poor health forced him to seek frequent change of air at his farm, at Praeneste,
and at his favorite Baiae. The latter part of his life was spent in the study of
moral philosophy. Maecenas and Horace died in the same year and were buried
near one another in the farthest part of the Esquiline.

The works of Horace consist of four books of Odes ; the Carmen Saeciilare,
an ode written at the request of Augustus for the Ludi Seculares ; one book
of Epodes ; the Satires and Epistles^ each in two books, and the Ars
Poetica,

The most convenient edition of the entire works of Horace with notes in
English is that of Wickham in two volumes (London, 1892). Excellent notes
on the Satires are those of Palmer (London, 1888), and on the Epistles those of
Wilkins (London, 1884). There are lives of Horace by Dean Milman (London,
1853), and by Hovenden (London, 1876). For general literary criticism see
W. Y. Sellar's Boman Poets of the Augustan Age, pt. ii. Horace (1892).
There are verse translations of the Odes by Conington (1870) and by Gladstone
(1894) ; of the Satires and Epistles together by Conington (1869) ; of the whole

86 HORACE.

of Horace by Sir Theodore Martin (1881). There is a prose rendering of the
whole by Lonsdale and Lee (1877). A good lexicon to Horace (German) is that
of Koch (1879).

The Flirt. (Carm. i. 5.)

Quis multa gracilis te puer in rosa
Perfusus liquidis urget odoribus
Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro?
Cui flavam religas comam
5 Simplex munditiis?^ Heu quoties fidem

Mutatosque deos flebit et aspera
Nigris aequora ventis
Emirabitur insolens ^
Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aureaj
10 Qui semper vacuam,^ semper amabilem

Sperat nescius aurae

Fallacis. Miser i quibus
Intentata nites ! * Me tabula sacer
Votiva paries ^ indicat uvida
15 Suspendisse potenti

Vestimenta maris deo.

Live lohile we Live. (Carm. i. 11.)

Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi
Finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nee Babylonios
Tentaris ® numeros.' Ut ^ melius quidquid erit pati,
Seu plures hiemes sen tribuit luppiter ultimam,
5 Quae nunc oppositis debilitat ^ pumicibus ^^ mare

Tyrrhenum. Sapias, vina liques ^^ et spatio brevi
Spem longam reseces.^^ Dum loquimur fugerit invida
Aetas : carpe diem quam minimum credula postero.

1 elegance. ^ inexperienced. 3 fancy-free. * seem fair. ^ temple wall. ^ consult. '' horo-
scopes. 8 iiow much. 9 breaks the strength. ^» corroded rocks. " strain off. 12 ^.^ll down.

CHLOE, THE BUD. 87

Integer Vitae. {Carm. i. 22.)

Integer vitae scelerisque purus
Non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu
Nee venenatis gravida sagittis,

Fusee, pharetra,
Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas ^ 6

Sive facturus per inliospitalem
Caucasum vel quae loca fabulosus

Lambit ^ Hydaspes.
Namque me silva lupus in Sabina,
Dum meam canto Lalagen et ultra 10

Terminum ^ curis vagor expeditis,

Fugit inermem,
Quale portentum neque militaris
Daunias latis alit aesculetis/
Nee lubae tellus ^ generat leonum 15

Arida nutrix.
Pone me pigris ubi nulla campis
Arbor aestiva recreatur aura,
Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque

luppiter^ urget; 20

Pone sub curru nimium propinqui
Solis in terra domibus' negata:
Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo,

Dulce loquentem.

Chloe, the Bud. {Carm. i. 23.)

Vitas hinnuleo^ me similis, Chloe,
Quaerenti pavidam montibus aviis ®

^ boiling. 2 laves. ^ limits. * oak. forests. ^ i,^^ Mauritania. 6 sky, climate. ^ i.e., as
residence. ^ fawn. ^ pathless.

88 HORACE.

Matrem non sine vano
Aurarum et siluae metu.
5 Nam sen mobilibus veris ^ inhorruit ^

Adventus foliis sen virides riibum ^
Dimovere lacertae/

Et corde et genibus t rem it.
Atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera
10 Gaetulusve leo frangere persequor:

Tandem desine ^ matrem
Tempestiva sequi viro.

Fons Bandusiae. {Carm. iii. 13.)

0 fons Bandusiae, splendidior vitro/
Dulci digne mero '' non sine floribus,
Cras donaberis haedo ^

Cui f rons turgida ® cornibus
5 Primis et venerem et proelia destinat

Frustra : nam gelidos inficiet ^^ tibi
Eubro sanguine rivos
Lascivi suboles gregis.
Te flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae ^^
10 Nescit tangere, tu frigus amabile

Fessis vomere ^^ tauris
Praebes et pecori vago.
Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium,
Me dicente cavis iinpositam ilicem
15 Saxis, unde loquaces

Lymphae ^^ desiliunt tuae.

1 spring. 2 has nistled. 3 bramble. * lizards. ^ cease. ^ crj^stal. '' wine. ^ ^{^
swelling. ^o tinge. ^i dog-star. 12 plow. i3 waters.

A voyagp: on a canal boat.

A Voyage on a Canal Boat. (Sat. i. 5.)

Egressiun magna nie excepit Aricia Eoma
Hospitio ^ moclico ; rhetor comes Heliodorus,
Graecorum longe doctissimus ; inde Forum Appi,
Differtum ^ nautis cauponibus ^ atque malignis.

^W^

APPIAN WAY — RESTORATION.

( Von Falke.)

Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac * nos
Praecinctis^ unum; minus est gravis Appia tardis.^
Hie ego propter aquam, quod erat deterrima, ventri
Indico bellum/ cenantes hand animo aequo ^
Exspectans comites. lam nox inducere terris
Umbras et caelo diffundere signa parabat;

1 inn. 2 crowded. 3 innkeepers. * ac = quain.
embargo on. ^ impatiently.

more active. ^ the leisurely.

lay an

90 HORACE.

Turn perui ^ nautis, pueris convicia ^ nautae
Ingerere. Hue appelle ! ^ Trecentos inseris : ^ ohe
lam satis est! Dum aes^ exigitur/ dum mula ligatur,
Tota abit hora. Mali culices ' ranaeque ^ palustres

15 Avertunt somnos, absentem ut cantat amicam

Multa prolutus vappa^ nauta atque viator
Certatim. Tandem fessus dormire viator
Incipit, ac missae pastum^^ retinacula^^ mulae
Nauta piger saxo religat stertitque ^'-^ supinus.

20 lamque dies aderat, nil cum procedere lintrem

Sentimus, donee cerebrosus ^^ prosilit unus
Ac mulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno
Fuste^* dolat^^: quarta vix demum exponimur^^ hora.
Ora manusque tua lavimus, Feronia, lympha.

25 Millia tum pransi " tria repimus ^^ atque subimus

Impositum saxis late candentibus ^^ Anxur.

The Night Hags. {Sat. i. 8.)

Olim truncus eram fieulnus,^*^ inutile lignum,
Cum faber incertus scamnum ^^ faeeretne Priapum,
Maluit esse deum. Deus inde ego furum aviumque
Maxima f ormido ; ^^ nam fures dextra coercet

5 Ast importunas volucres in vertice ^^ arundo ^^

Terret fixa vetatque novis considere in hortis.
Hue prius angustis electa cadavera cellis "^^
Conservus vili portanda locabat^® in arca.^'^
Hoc miserae plebi stabat commune sepulerum,

10 Pantolabo seurrae ^^ ISTomentanoque nepoti : '^'^

1 slaves. 2 curses. 3 ge, Untrem, boat. ^ take on. ^ fare. 6 collected. "^ gnats. » frogs.

9 soaked with poor wine. " to graze. " tow-rope. ^^ snores. i^ hot-tempered. " willow

club. 15 belabors. " put ashore. " having lunched, is crawl. i9 gleaming. 20 fig. 21 bench.

22 terror. 23 head. 24 crown of reeds. 25 quarters. 26 bargained. 27 coffin. 28 buflFoon.
29 spendthrift.

THE NIGHT HAGS. 91

Mille pedes in f route, ^ trecentos cipi)us ^ in agrum^

Hie dabat heredes monumentum ne sequeietur.''

Nunc licet Esquiliis liabitare salubribus atque

Aggere^ in ax^rico*^ spatiari/ quo modo tristes

Albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum ; 15

Cum mihi non tantum furesque feraeque suetae

Hunc vexare locum curae sunt atque labori,

Quantum carminibus ^ quae versant ^ atque venenis

Humanos animos. Has nullo perdere possum

Nee prohibere modo, simul ac vaga luna decorum 20

Protulit OS, quin ossa legant herbasque nocentes.

Vidi egomet nigra succinctam ^^ vadere palla ^^

Canidiam pedibus nudis passoque ^^ capillo.

Cum Sagana maiore ululantem : ^^ pallor utrasque

Fecerat liorrendas adspectu. Scalpere ^^ terram 25

Unguibus et pullam ^^ divellere mordicus ^^ agnam

Coeperunt; cruor in fossam confusus ut inde

Manes elicerent, animas ^^ responsa daturas.

Lanea ^^ et effigies erat, altera cerea : ^^ maior

Lanea, quae poenis compesceret ^*^ inferiorem; 30

Cerea suppliciter stabat servilibus ut quae

lam peritura modis. Hecaten vocat altera, saevam

Altera Tisiplionen; serpentes atque videres

Infernas errare canes, ^^ lunamque rubentem^'^

Ne foret his testis post magna latere sepulcra. 35

Singula quid memorem? quo pacto alterna loquentes

Umbrae cum Sagana resonarent triste et acutum,

Utque lupi bar bam variae cum dente colubrae

Abdiderint furtim terris, et imagine cerea

1 in breadth. 2 piUar. 3 i.e., back from the road. * descend to. ^ terrace. " sunny.
'' stroll. 8 charms. ^ bewitch. ^o tucked up. ^^ gown. 12 dishevelled. ^^ howling-,
i* dig up. '5 black. i" with the teeth. ^^ specters. ^^ of wool. ^'^ of wax. 20 restrai-n.
21 hellhounds. 22 blushing.

92 HORACE.

40 Largior arserit ignis, et ut non testis inultus
Horruerim voces Furiarum et facta cluarum.
Canidiae clentes, altum Saganae caliendrum.^
Excidere atque lierbas atque incantata lacertis
Vincula ^ cum magno risuque iocoque videres.

The Poet and the Bore. (Sat. i. 9.)

Ibam forte Via Sacra, sicut meus est mos,
Nescio quid nieditans uugarum, ^ totus in illis :
Accurrit quidam notus milii nomine tantum.
Arreptaque manu, "Quid agis, dulcissime rerum?"^
5 "Suaviter ut nunc est," inquam, "et cupio omnia quae vis."
Cum assectaretur : ^ "Num quid vis?" occupo.^ At ille,
"Noris nos," inquit; "docti sumus." Hie ego, "Pluris'
Hoc," inquam, "milii eris." Misere discedere quaerens,
Ire ^ modo ocius, interdum consistere, in aurem

10 Dicere nescio quid puero, cum sudor ad imos
Manaret talos.^ 0 te, Bolane, cerebri ^°
Felicem ! aiebam tacitus ; cum quidlibet ille
Garriret,^^ vicos, urbem laudaret. Ut illi
Nil respondebam, "Misere cupis," inquit, "abire;

15 lamdudum video; sed nil agis; usque tenebo;

Prosequar: hinc quo nunc iter est tibi?" "Nil opus est te
Circumagi; quendam volo visere non tibi notum.
Trans Tiberim longe cubat^" is proj^e Caesaris hortos."
"Nil habeo quod agam et non sum piger; usque sequar te."

20 Demitto auriculas ut iniquae^^ mentis asellas.
Cum gravius dorso subiit onus. Incipit ille:
" Si bene me novi non Viscum pluris amicum,
Non Yarium facies ; nam quis me scribere plures

1 chignon. 2 charms. ^ trifles. ^ how are j'ou, my dear fellow ? ^ went on. ^ break in.
^ gen. of value. « historical inf. » ankles. 10 hot temper. 11 chatter. 12 jjes sick. " sm-ly.

THE roET AND THE BORE.

Aiit citius possit versus? quis membra movere

Mollius?^ Invideat quod et'-^ Hermogenes ego canto." 25

Interpellandi locus hie erat : " Est tibi mater,

Cognati, quis te salvo est opus?" — "Haud milii quisquam.

Omnes composui."^ — Felices! nunc ego resto.

Confice; namque instat fatum mihi triste Sabella

Quod puero cecinit divina mota anus * urna: 30

MOUTH OF CLOACA MAXIMA AND SO-CALLED
TEMPLE OF VESTA.

"Hunc neque dira venena nee liosticus auferet^ ensis
Nee laterum dolor ^ aut tussis ^ nee tarda podagra. *
Garrulus hunc quando consumet cunque; loquaces
Si sapiat vitet simul atque adolverit aetas."
Ventum erat ad Vestae ^ quarta iam parte diei
Praeterita, et casu tunc respondere vadato ^'^
Debebat, quod ni fecisset perdere litem."

^ gracefully. ^ even,
gout. 9 sc. templum.

3 laid to rest. * old witch. ^ carry off.
10 answer in court. " case.

G pleurisy. ^ consumption.

94 HORACE.

"Si me amas/' inquit, "paulum hie acles."^ "Inteream si
Aut valeo stare aut novi civilia iura;

40 Et propero quo scis." ''Dubius sum quid faciam," inquit,

" Tene relinquam an rem." " Me socles." ^ '' Non faciam " ille;
Et praecedere coepit. Ego ut contendere durum est
Cum victore sequor. " Maecenas quomodo tecum? " ^
Hinc repetit; "paucorum hominum et mentis bene sanae;

45 Nemo dexter ius fortuna est usus. Haberes
Magnum adiutorem posset qui ferre secundas/
Hunc hominem velles si tradere/ dispeream ni
Summosses^ omnes." "Non isto vivimus illic
Quo tu rere ' modo ; domus hac nee purior ulla est

50 Nee magis his aliena malis; nil mi offieit^ umquam
Ditior hie aut est quia doctior; est locus uni
Cuique unus." "Magnum narras, vix credibile! " " Atqui
Sic habet." " Aceendis, quare cupiam magis illi
Proximus esse." "Velis tantummodo: quae tua virtus,

55 Expugnabis ; et est qui vinci possit, eoque

Diffieiles aditus primos habet." "Hand mihi deero:
Muneribus servos corrumpam ; non hodie si
Exclusus fuero desistam; temporal quaeram,
Oecuram in triviis, dedueam.^° Nil sine magno

00 Vita labore dedit mortalibus." Hav.c dum agit, eeee
Fuseus Aristius oceurrit, mihi earns et ilium
Qui pulchre nosset. Consistimus. Unde venis? et
Quo tendis? rogat et respondet. Vellere ^^ coepi
Et prensare manu lentissima ^^ bracehia, nutans,

65 Distorquens oeulos, ut me eriperet. Male salsus ^^
Kidens dissimulare: meum ieeur^'* urere bills.
"Certe nescio quid secreto velle loqui te

1 help (as advocate). ^ gi mides = I be<?. ^ how does Maecenas stand with you ? * sc. partes.
6 introduce. ^ supplant. "^ think. ^ trouble. ^ opportunities. i" accompany. ^* twitch.
12 unresponsive. i3 malicious waj,'. ^* liver.

AN INVITATION TO DINNER. 95

Aiebas mecum." "Meiiiini bene, sed meliore

Tempore dicam; hodie tricesima sabbata: viiiHu

Curtis ludaeis oppedere ^ ? " ^^ Nulla mihi," inquain, 70

"Religio^ est." "At mi; sum paulo infirmior, uuus

Multorum; ignosces^; alias ^* loquar." Huncine solem

Tam nigrum surrexe^ mihi! Fugit imj)robus ac me

Sub cultro ^ linquit. Casu venit obvius illi

Adversarius et: "Quo/tu turpissime?" magna 75

Inclamat voce, et " Licet antestari ^ ? " Ego vero

Oppono auriculam. Eapit in ius^*^; clamor utrinque,

Undique concursus. Sic me servavit Apollo.

An Invitation to Dinner. {Epist. i. 5.)

Si potes Arcliiacis " conviva recumbere lectis ^^

Nee modica cenare times olus omne j)atella ^^

Supremo ^^ te sole ^^ domi, Torquate, manebo.

Vina bibes iterum Tauro ^^ diffusa palustres ^®

Inter Minturnas Sinuessanumque Petrinum. 5

Si melius quid habes arcesse ^^ vel imperium fer.

lamdudum splendet focus et tibi munda supellex.

Mitte leves spes et certamina divitiarum

Et Moschi causam: eras nato Caesare festus

Dat veniam somnumque dies; impune licebit lo

Aestivam sermone benigno tendere noctem.

Quo mihi fortunam si non conceditur uti?

Parens ob heredis curam nimiumque severus

Assidet^^ insano: potare et spargere fiores

Incipiam, patiarque vel inconsultus ^^ liaberi. 15

Quid non ebrietas designat? Operta^*^ recludit,

1 = visne. 2 offend. ^ scruple. * pardon. ^ another time. <» = surrexisse. ^ knife.

8 sc. tendis. ^ will you be witness. i" court. n made by Archias, = plain. 12 couch.

13 dish. " at sunset, i» ^c. consule. ic marsh. i^ order, is = jg next door to. is foolish.
20 secrets.

96 HORACE.

Spes iiibet esse ratas,^ acl proelia trudit^ inertem;
Sollicitis animis onus eximit, addocet artes.
Fecundi calices quern non fecere disertum?^

20 Contracta quern non in paupertate solutum?

Haec ego procurare et idoneus imperor et non
Invitus, ne turpe toral/ ne sordida mappa^
Corruget ® nares, ne non et cantharus "^ et lanx ^
Ostendat tibi te, ne fidos inter amicos

25- Sit qui dicta foras eliminet,^ ut coeat par

lungaturque pari. Butram tibi Septiciumque,
Et nisi cena prior potiorque ^*^ puella Sabinum
Detinet, assumam^ locus est et pluribus umbris^^;
Sed nimis arta ^^ premunt olidae ^^ convivia caprae.

30 Tu quotus ^^ esse velis rescribe, et rebus omissis

Atria servantem postico ^^ falle clientem.

A True Philosopher. {Sat i. 6. 110-131.)

Hoc ^® ego commodius ^"^ quam tu, praeclare senator,
Millibus atque aliis ^^ vivo. Quacunque libido^^ est,
Incedo solus ; percontor quanti olus ac far ^® ;
Fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro

5 Sae]3e Forum; adsisto^^ divinis'^^; inde domum me

Ad porri^^ et ciceris^^ refero laganique^^ catinum^^;
Cena ministratur pueris tribus, et lapis albus "^^
Pocula cum cyatho^' duo sustinet; adstat echinus ^^
Vilis, cum patera ^^ guttus,^*^ Campana supellex.^^

10 Deinde eo dormitum, non sollicitus milii quod eras

Surgendum sit mane, obeundus Marsya, qui se

1 accomplished. ^ pushes on. ^ eloqxient. * covering. ^ napkin. •^ wrinkle. '' bowl.
8 dish. 8 repeat, divulge. ^^ very attractive. ii attendant friends. ^* crowded. ^^ = rank
odors. " how large a party. ^^ back door. i*» abl. of spec. ^^ more comfortably. ^* fancy.
19 ask the price of vegetables and meal. 20 stand beside. 21 fortune tellers. 22 onion. 23 chick
pea. 24 pancake. 25 dish. 26 g^elf. 27 ladle. 28 saltcellar. 29 bowl. 3o cruet. 3i pottery.

SOME FAMOUS PASSAGES. 97

Vultum ferre negat Noviorum posse ininoris.

Ad quartami i^^eo; post lianc vagor; aut ego, lecto

Aut scripto quod me taciturn iuvet, ungor olivo,

Non quo fraudatis ^ inimundus ^ Natta lucernis.'* 15

Ast ubi me fessum sol acrior ire lavatum

Admonuit, fugio Campum lusumque trigonem.^

Pransus non avide, quantum interpellet inani

Ventre diem durare,^ domesticus ' otior. Haec est

Vita solutorum misera ambitione gravique ; 20

His me consolor victurum suavius ac si

Quaestor avus pater atque mens patruusque fuisset.

Some Famous Passages.

0 fortes, peioraque passi

Mecum saepe viri, nunc vino pellite curas !

Cras ingens iterabimus aequor. {Carm. i. 7 30.)

O matre pulchra filia pulclirior! (i. IG. i.)

Frui paratis et valido mihi,
Latoe, dones et, precor, integra

Cum mente nee turpem senectam

Degere nee citliara carentem. (i. 31. 17.)

At vulgus infidum et meretrix retro
Periura cedit, diffiigiunt cadis

Cum faece siccatis amici

Ferre iugum pariter dolosi. (i. 35. 25.)

Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero
Pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus

Ornare pulvinar deorum

Tempus erat dapibus, sodales. (i. 37. i.)

1 sc. horam. » robbed, s filthy. * lamps. 5 game of ball, s from going.
ROM. LIFE — 7

98 HORACE.

Aequam memento rebus in ardiiis
Servare mentem, non secus in bonis
Ab insolenti temperatam
Laetitia, moriture Delli. (ii. 3. i.)

Ille terrarum milii praeter omnes
Angulus ridet. (ii. 6. 13.)

Auream quisquis mediocritatem
Diligit tutus caret obsoleti
Sordibus tecti, caret invidenda
Sobrius aula. (ii. 10. 5.)

Neque semper arcum
Tendit Apollo, (ii. lo. 19.)

Eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume,

Labuntur anni, nee pietas moram
Rugis et instanti senectae
Afferet indomitaeque morti. (ii. 14. 1.)

Linquenda tellus et domus et placens
Uxor, neque liarum quas colis arborum

Te praeter invisas cupressos

XJlla brevem dominum sequetur. (ii. 14. 21.)

Odi profanum vulgus et arceo. (iii. i. i.)

Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. (iii. 2. 13.)

lustum et tenacem propositi virum
Non civium ardor prava iubentium

Non vultus instantis tyranni

Mente quatit solida. (iii. 3. i.)

Damnosa quid non imminuit dies ? (iii. G. 45.)

Quid leges sine moribus
Vanae proficiunt ? (iii. 24. 35.)

SOME FAMOUS PASSAGES. 99

Ille potens sui
Laetusqiie cleget, cui licet in diem
Dixisse " Vixi." (iii. 29. 41.)

Exegi monumentum aere perermius

Noil omiiis moriar, multaque pars mei
Vitabit Libitinam. (iii. 30. i.)

Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis, (iv. 4. 29.)

Nos ubi clecidimus

Quo pius Aeneas, quo dives Tullus et Ancus,

Pulvis et umbra sumus. (iv. 7. 15.)

Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona
Multi ; sed omnes illacrimabiles

Urgeutur ignotique longa

Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. (iv. 9. 25.)

Beatus ille qui procul negotiis

Ut prisca gens mortalium
Paterna rura bobus exercet suis

Solutus omni fenore. {Epod. 2. i.)

Tanti quantum habeas sis. (Sat. i. i. 62.)

Quid rides ? mutato nomine de te
Fabula narratur. (Sat. i. i. 69.)

ab ovo
Usque ad mala. (Sat. i. 3. 6.)

Disiecti membra poetae. (Sat. i. 4. 62.)

Hie niger est; hunc tu, Komane, caveto. (Sat. i. 4. 85.)

Credat ludaeus Apella. (Sat, i. 5. lOO.)

100 HORACE.

Saepe stilum vertas iterum quae digna legi sint
Scripturus. {Sat. i. 10. 72 )

leiunus raro stomachus vulgaria temnit. (Sat. ii. 2. 38.)

O noctes cenaeque deum ! (Sat. ii. 6. 65.)

coiidicio dulcis sine pulvere palmae. (Epist. i. i. 51.)

Isne tibi melius suadet qui rein^ facias, rem,

Si possis, recte, si non, quocunque modo rem ? (Epist. i. 1. 65.)

Quidquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi. (Epist. i. 2. 14.)

Nos Humerus- sumus et fruges consumere nati. {Epist. i. 2. 27.)

sapere aude.
Dimidium facti qui coepit liabet. {Epist. i. 2. 40.)

Sincerum est nisi vas quodcunque infundis acescit.

Sperne voluptates, nocet empta dolore voluptas. {Epist. i. 2. 64.)

Nil admirari prope res est una, Numici,

Solaque quae possit facere et servare beatum. {Epist. i. 6. i.)

Quae nocuere sequor, fugio quae prof ore credam. {Epist. i. 8. ii.)

Illic vivere vellem
Oblitusque meorum obliviscendus et illis. {Epist. i. 11. 8.)

Caelum, non animum, mutant qui trans mare currunt. {Epist. i. il. 27.)

Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum. {Epist. i. 17. 36.)

Nam tua res agitur paries cum proximus ardet. {Epist. i. 18. 84.)

Hinc illae lacrimae. {Epist. i. 19. 41.)

1 mouey. 2 u^ei-e ciphers.

SOME FAMOUS PASSAGES. 101

Eidentur mala qui coinpoiuuit carinina ; verum
Gaudeiit scribentes et se venerantur. {Epist. ii. 2. 107.)

Grammatici certant et adlmc sub iudice lis est. (^1. P. 78.)

sesquipedalia verba. (^1. P. 97.)

Difficile est proprie communia dicere. ( 1. P. 128.)

Nee deus intersit nisi dignus vindice nodus. (^1. P. 191.)

Indignor quandoque bonus dormitat^ Homerus. {A. P. 359.)

Tu nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva. {A. P. 385.)

Nescit vox inissa reverti. {A. P. 390.)

^ nods.

XIV. PUBLILIS OVIDIUS NASO.

Publius Ovidius Naso was born 43 b,c. at Sulmo, about ninety miles from
Rome, and died 18 a.d. In order to give his sons the benefit of residence in
:he capital, their father removed to Rome, where Ovid received the usual train-
ing in rhetoric and oratory. His early aspirations toward a literary career were
strongly discouraged by his father, but, coming into possession of a moderate
fortune at the death of his elder brother, he was enabled to pursue his natural
bent, and rapidly became a favorite in the circle of court poets. He was three
times married and twice divorced. For many years he enjoyed great prosper-
ity, but when about fifty years old incurred the sudden displeasure of the
3mperor, and was banished to Tomi, on the Black Sea. The cause of his
banishment is not known. He refers to it in his poems, but does not explain
what his offense was. He was unable to mollify the anger of Augustus, and
iied in the place of his exile.

The most important work of Ovid is the 3Ietamorphoses, which professes
to give in order the stories of Greek and Koman mythology, begiiming with
the creation. There is very little continuity, and the style is rambling and
excursive, the narrative running through some twelve thousand verses. The
verses are smooth and easy, but lacking in elaborate finish. The poem is of
great value as the best known collection of ancient fables, set down by an
excellent story-teller. In the Fasti, of which six books are extant, Ovid
attempts a poetical version of the Roman Calendar, describing the various fes-
tivals of the year, the customs and ancient rites of the people. The Hei'oides
are a set of letters from various legendary characters ; the Amoves, a collection
of miscellaneous short poems in three books ; the Tristia, five books of poems
written during Ovid's banishment, full of personal biography and deep feeling.
His other works are his Epistulm ex Ponto, addressed to various persons
and similar to the Tristia in character; the Ars Amatoria and Bemedium
Amoris ; and the Ihis^ an invective against a false friend.

The standard text of the whole of Ovid is that of A. Riese (2d ed. Leipzig,
1889). There is a good edition of the Fasti with English notes by Paley
(London, 1888) ; of the Heroides, by Shuckburgh (London, 1879) ; of the
Amoves and Avs Amator-ia, by J. H. Williams (London, 1884); of the Meta-
movphoses (selections), by Simmons (London, 1887); of the Tvistia, by S. G.
Owen (London, 1890); of the Epistiilce ex Panto (Bk. L), by Keene (London,
1887). The Ibis is edited with Latin notes by R. Ellis (Oxford, 1881). There
is a lexicon to the Metamovplioses by Eichert (9th ed. Hanover, 1886) ; a life
(in French) by Nageotte (Dijon, 1872) ; and a general introduction by Church
in Ancient Classics fov English Beaders (1876).

102

THE RAPE OF THE SAIUNES. 103

The Rape of the Sabines. (Ars jUr. i. lui.)

Primus sollicitos ^ fecisti, lloniule, liulos,

Cum iuvit vidiios ^ rapta Sabimi viros.
Tunc iieque marmoreo pendebant vela^ theatrOj

Nee fuerant liquido pulpita* rubra croco.^
Illic, quas tulerant nemorosa Palatia, frondes 5

Simpliciter positae, scena sine arte fuit.
In gradibus sedit populus de cespite ^ factis,

Qualibet hirsutas^ f ronde ^ tegente comas.
Eespiciunt, oculisque notat sibi quisque puellam,

Quam velit : et tacito pectore multa movent. 10

Dumque, rudem praebente modum tibicine Tusco,

Ludius ^ aequatam ter pede pulsat humum ;
In medio plausu (plausus tunc arte carebat,)

Eex populo praedae signa petenda dedit.
Protinus exsiliunt, animum clamore fatentes/"^ 15

Virginibus cupidas iniciuntque manus.
Ut fugiunt aquilas, timidissima turba, columbae,

Utque fugit visos agna novella ^^ lupos ;
Sic illae timuere viros sine lege ruentes.

Constitit in nulla qui fuit ante color. 20

Nam timor unus erat; facies non una timoris.

Pars laniat ^^ crines : pars sine mente sedet :
Altera maesta silet; frustra vocat altera matrem:

Haec queritur ; stupet haec : haec fugit, ilia manet.
Ducuntur raptae, genialis ^^ praeda, puellae, 25

Et potuit multas ipse decere jjudor.
Si qua repugnabat nimium, comitemque negabat,

Sublatam cupido vir tulit ipse sinu:
Atque ita, "Quid teneros lacrimis corrumpis ocellos?

1 anxious. 2 unmarried, s awnings. * stage. ^ satfron. c turf. 7 shaggy. » chaplet.
a actor. 10 showing, i^ young. ^^ tear. i3 charming.

104 OVID.

30 Quod matri pater est, hoc tibi/' dixit, "ero."

Komule, militibus scisti dare commoda^ solus.
Haec mihi si dederis commoda, miles ero.

A Popular Holiday. (Fasti, iii. 523-542.)

Idibus est Annae festum geniale '^ Perennae.

Haud procul a ripis, ad vena ^ Thybri, tuis
Plebs venit ac virides passim disiecta per lierbas

Potat, et accumbit cum pare * quisque sua.
5 Sub love ^ pars durat, pauci tentoria ^ ponunt,

Sunt quibus e ramis frondea' facta casa^ est;
Pars, ubi pro rigidis calamos statuere columnis,

Desuper extentas imposuere togas.
Sole tamen vinoque calent, annosque precantur,
10 Quot sumant cyathos, ad numerumque bibunt.

Invenies illic, qui Nestoris ebibat annos,

Quae sit per calices facta Sibylla suos.
Illic et cantant quidquid didicere tlieatris,

Et iactant f aciles ad sua verba manus ;
15 Et ducunt posito duras cratere choreas,®

Cultaque diffusis saltat amica comis.
Cum redeunt, titubant '^^ et sunt spectacula vulgi,

Et fortunatos obvia turba vocat.
Occurri nuper: visa est mihi digna relatu
20 Pompa^^: senem potum^'^ pota trahebat anus.

Atalanta's Race. {Met. x. 5G0-680.)

'^Forsitan audieris aliquam certamine cursus
Veloces superasse viros. Non fabula rumor

1 reward, pay. 2 merry. a stranger. * mate. 5 open sky. 6 tents. ^ leafy. s hut
" dances. ^" reel. ^^ procession. 12 (Jrunk.

ATALANTA'S RACE.

105

ATALANTA'S RACE.

{From the j)ainting by Poynter.)

Ille fuit ; superabat enim ; nee dicere posses,

Laude pedum, formaene bono praestantior esset.

Scitanti^ deus- hiiic de coniuge 'Coniuge/ dixit, 5

' Nil opus est, Atalanta, tibi : fuge coniugis usum.

Nee tamen effugies, teque ipsa viva carebis.' ^

Territa sorte dei per opaeas innuba silvas

Vivit, et instantem turbam violenta proeorum^

Condicione fugat, nee ' Sum potiunda, nisi,' inquit, lo

' Victa prius cursu ; pedibus eontendite meeum :

Praemia veloei coniunx thalamique dabuntur ;

Mors pretium tardis. Ea lex certaminis esto.'

Ilia quidem immitis : sed tanta potentia formae est,

Venit ad hanc legem temeraria turba i^roeorum. 15

Sederat Hippomenes cursus spectator iniqui,
Et 'Petitur cuiquam per tanta perieula coniunx?'
Dixerat, ae nimios iuvenum damnarat amores.
Ut faeiem et posito corpus velamine^ vidit.
Quale meum,^' vel quale tuum,^ si femina fias, 20

Obstipuit, tollensque manus ' Ignoscite,' dixit,
' Quos modo eulpavi. Nondum mihi praemia nota,
Quae peteretis, erant.' Laudando coneipit ignes,

1 inquire. ^ Apollo. ^ = lose your present form. * suitors. ^ outer garment. " i.e., of
Venus. ^ i.e., of Adonis.

106 OVID.

Et, ne quis iuvenum currat velocius, optat

25 Invidiaque timet. 'Sed cur certaminis huius

Intemptata mihi fortuna relinquitur? ' inquit
'Audentes deus ipse iuvat.' Dum talia secum
Exigit Hippomenes, passu volat alite ^ virgo.
Quae quamquam Scythica non secius ^ ire sagitta

30 Aonio ^ visa est iuveni, tamen ille decorem

Miratur magis. Et cursus facit ille decorem.
Aura refert ablata citis talaria ^ plantis ^ :
Tergaque iactantur crines per eburnea/ quaeque
Poplitibus "' suberant picto genualia ^ limbo ^ :

35 Inque puellari ^° corpus candore ruborem

Traxerat, baud aliter, quam cum super atria ^^ velum
Candida purpureum simulatas inficit umbras.
Dum notat haec hospes, decursa novissima meta ^^ est,
Et tegitur festa victrix Atalanta corona.

40 Dant gemitum victi, penduntque ^^ ex foedere poenas :

Non tamen eventu iuvenis deterritus horum
Constitit in medio, vultuque in virgine fixo
'Quid facilem titulum superando quaeris inertes?
Mecum confer! ' ait 'seu me fortuna potentem

45 Eecerit, a tanto non indignabere vinci.

Namque mihi genitor Megareus Onchestius : illi
Est Neptunus avus : pronepos ^* ego regis aquarum.
Nee virtus citra genus est. Seu vincar, habebis
Hippomene victo magnum et memorabile nomen.'

50 Talia dicentem molli Schoeneia ^^ vultu

Aspicit, et dubitat, superari an vincere malit.
Atque ita 'quis deus hunc formosis ' inquit 'iniquus
Perdere vult, caraeque iubet discrimine vitae

1 winged. ^ otherwise. ^ Boeotian. ■* wings. ^ feet. ^ ivory. ^ linee. « leggings.
9 fringe. ^<* maiden. ^^ court. ^^ goal. ^3 pay. ^* great-grandson. is daughter of
Schoeneus.

ATALANTA'S RACE. 107

Coniugium petere hoc? non sum, me iudice, tanti.

Nee forma tangor, — poteram tamen hac quoque tangi — 55

Sed quod adhuc puer est. Non me movet ipse, sed aetas.

Quid, quod inest virtus et mens interrita leti?

Quid, quod ab aequorea numeratur origine quartus?

Quid, quod amat, tantique putat conubia nostra;

Ut pereat, si me fors illi dura negaret? 60

Dum licet, hospes, abi, thalamosque relinque cruentos.

Coniugium crudely meum est. Tibi nubere nulla

Nolet; et optari potes a sapiente puella.

Cur tamen est milii cura tui, tot iam ante peremptis?

Viderit ! ^ intereat, quoniam tot caede procorum 65

Admonitus non est, agiturque in taedia^ vitae.

Occidet hie igitur, voluit quia vivere mecum,

Indignamque necem pretium patietur amor is?

Non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae.

Sed non culpa mea est. Utinam desistere velles ! 70

Aut, quoniam es demens, utinam velocior esses!

At quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore est !

Ah, miser Hippomene, nollem tibi visa fuissem!

Vivere dignus eras. Quod si felicior essem.

Nee mihi coniugium fata importuna negarent, 75

Unus eras, cum quo sociare^ cubilia vellem.'

Dixerat : utque rudis ^ primoque Cupidine tacta,
Quid facit, ignorans, amat et non sentit amorem.
Iam solitos poscunt cursus populusque paterque :
Cum me sollicita proles Neptunia voce 80

Invocat Hippomenes, ^Cytherea' que 'comprecor, ausis
Adsit' ait 'nostris et quos dedit, adiuvet ignes.'
Detulit aura preces ad me non invida blandas ;
Motaque sum, fateor. Nee opis mora longa dabatur.

1 hortatory subj. ^ weariness. 3 share. * inexperienced.

108 OVID.

85 Est ager, indigenae Tamaseniim nomine clicunt,

Telluris Cypriae pars optima, quam milii prisci
Sacravere senes, templisque accedere dotem ^
Hanc iussere meis. Medio nitet arbor in arvo,
Fulva comam, fulvo ramis crepitantibus auro.

90 Hinc tria forte mea veniens decerpta ^ f erebam

Aurea poma manu : nullique videnda nisi ipsi
Hippomenen adii, docuique, quis usus in illis.
Signa tubae dederant, cum carcere ^ pronus * uterque
Emicat, et summam celeri pede libat ^ harenam.

95 Posse putes illos sicco freta radere ® passu,

Et segetis canae'^ stantes percurrere aristas.^
Adiciunt animos ^ iuveni clamorque favorque,
Verbaque dicentum 'iS'unc, nunc incumbere tempus,
Hippomene, propera! nunc viribus utere totis.

100 Pelle moram, vinces : ' dubium, Megarei'us heros

Gaudeat, an virgo magis his Schoeneia dictis.
0 quotiens, cum iani posset transire, morata est,
Spectatosque diu vultus invita reliquit!
Aridus e lasso veniebat anhelitus ore,

105 Metaque erat longe. Tum denique de tribus unum

Fetibus arboreis proles Neptunia misit.
Obstipuit virgo, nitidique cupidine pomi
Declinat cursus, aurumque volubile toUit :
Praeterit Hippomenes : resonant spectacula ^^ plausu.

no Ilia moram celeri cessataque" tempora cursu

Corrigit, atque iterum iuvenem post terga relinquit.
Et rursus pomi iactu remorata secundi,
Consequitur transitque virum. Pars ultima cursus
Restabat. 'Nunc ' inquit 'ades, dea muneris auctor! '

115 Inque latus campi, quo tardius ilia rediret,

1 endowment. 2 plucked. 3 barrier. ■* bending forward, s skims. « graze. '' white, yellow.
8 grain. ^ courage. 10 geld. ^^ lost.

THE POET'S BANISHMENT FROM ROME. 109

lecit ab obliqiio nitidum iuvenaliter ^ aurum.

An peteret, virgo visa est dubitare : coegi

Tollere, et adieci sublato pondera malo,'^

Impediiqiie oneris pariter gravitate moriique.

Neve mens sernio cursii sit tardior ipso, 120

Praeterita est virgo: diixit sua praemia victor."

The Poefs Banishment from Home. (Tristia, i. 3.)

Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago,

Qua mihi supremum tempus in urbe fuit,
Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui,

Labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta^ meis.
lam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5

Einibus extremae iusserat Ausoniae.
Nee spatium fuerat, nee mens satis apta parandi :

Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora.
Non mihi servorum, comitis non cura legendi,

Non aptae profugo ^ vestis opisve fuit. 10

Non aliter stupui, quam qui lovis ignibus ictus

Vivit, et est vitae nescius ipse suae.
Ut tamen hanc animi nubem dolor ipse removit,

Et tandem sensus convaluere mei,
Alloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15

Qui modo de multis unus et alter ^ erant.
Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat,

Imbre^ per indignas usque cadente genas.'^
Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa ^ sub oris,

Nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 20

Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant,

Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat.

1 with youthful strength. 2 apple. 3 tear. * exile. ^ one or two. ^ flood of tears. ^ cheeks.
8 in an opposite direction (to Scythia).

no OVID.

Femina virque meo, pueri qiioque, f unere maerent :
Inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet.
25 Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibiis uti,

Haec facies Troiae, cum caperetur, erat.
lamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque,

Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos.
Hanc ego suspiciens, et ab hac Capitolia cernens,
30 Quae nostro frustra iuncta fuere lari/

" Kumina vicinis habitantia sedibus, " inquam

" lamque oculis numquam templa videnda meis,
Dique relinquendi, quos urbs habet alta Quirini,
Este salutati tempus in omne milii!
35 Et quamquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo,

Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam,
Caelestique viro,^ quis me deceperit error,

Dicite, pro culpa ne scelus esse putet !
Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor,
40 Placato possum non miser esse deo."

Hac prece adoravi superos ego, pluribus uxor,

Singultu^ medios impediente sonos.
Ilia etiam ante lares passis adstrata capillis
Contigit extinctos ore tremente focos,
45 Multaque in adversos effudit verba Penates

Pro deplorato non valitura viro.
lamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat,

Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis ^ arctos erat.
Quid facerem? blando patriae retinebar amore:
50 Utima sed iussae nox erat ilia fugae.

Ah, quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere

Horam, propositae quae foret apta ^ viae.
Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse

1 home. 2 i,e., Augustus. ^ sole. * Arcadian. ^ lucky.

THE POET'S BANISHMENT FROM ROME. HI

Indulgens animo pes milii tardus erat.
S.iepe ' vale ' dicto rursus sum iiiulta locutus, 55

Et quasi discedens oscula suinma dedi.
Saepe eadem mandata dedi, meque ipse fefelli,

Respiciens oculis pignora^ cara meis.
Denique, "Quid propero? Scytliia est, quo mittimur," inquam,

" Roma relinqueuda est. Utraque iusta mora est. GO

Uxor in aetenium vivo milii viva negatur,

Et domus et iidae dulcia membra domus,
Quosque ego fraterno dilexi more sodales,

0 milii Thesea pectora iuncta fide !
Dum licet, amplectar. Nunquam fortasse licebit 65

Amplius. In lucro ^ est quae datur hora mihi."
Nee mora, sermonis verba imperfecta relinquo,

Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo.
Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto,

Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat. 70

Dividor baud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam,

Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est.
Sic doluit Metus tunc, cum in contraria versos

Ultores habuit proditionis equos.
Tum vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum, 75

Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda maniis.
Tum vero coniunx, umeris abeuntis inliaerens,

Miscuit liaec lacrimis tristia dicta suis :
" Non potes avelli. Simul, all, simul ibiinus," inquit :

"Te sequar et coniunx exulis exul ero. 80

Et milii facta via est. Et me capit ultima tellus :

Accedam profugae sarcina^ parva rati.
Te iubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira,

Me pietas; pietas liaec milii Caesar erit.''

^ pledges. 2 counted as gain. » burden.

112 OVID.

85 Talia temptabat, sicut temptaverat ante,

Vixque dedit ^ victas utilitate ^ manus.
Egredior, sive illud erat sine funere ferri,^
Squalidus inmissis hirta'* per ora comis.
Ilia dolore amens tenebris narratur obortis ^
90 Semianimis media procubuisse domo,

Utque resurrexit foedatis pulvere turpi

Crinibus et gelida membra levavit hnmo,
Se modo, desertos modo complorasse Penates,
Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri,
95 Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeque meumque

Vidisset structos corpus habere rogos/
Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus,

Respectuque tamen non periisse mei.
Vivat ! et absentem — quoniam sic fata tulerunt —
100 Vivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo.

1 submit. 2 — what was best. ^ carry out (of a corpse) * rough. ^ rising. ^ funeral bier.

XV. TITUS LIVIUS.

Titus Livius was born at ralaviuiu (Padua) 59 n.c, and died at the same
place 17 A.D. He passed most of his life at Rome in literary work. His great
history of Rome from the coming of Aeneas to the death of Drusus, 9 b.c,
was contained in one hundred and forty-two books, of which only thirty-
five have been preserved. He was a raconteur rather than a historian, and
collated from various and often conflicting authorities the accounts of the
events which he described in vivid and animated language. No attempt is made
in his work to sift historical evidence or to present the results of original
research. He has therefore been called "the Roman Herodotus."

A standard text is that of Weissenborn in 6 vols. (Leipzig, 1878). There
is a fair translation by Spillane and others in the Bohn Library ; and an
excellent one of the part relating to the Second Punic War (Bks. XXI. -XXV.)
by Church and Brodribb (London, 1883). For criticism of Livy as a writer
and historian see the monograph in French by H. A. Taine, Essai swr Tite Live
(Paris, 1860); and for his language and style the Etude sur la Langue et Gram-
maire de Tite Live by Riemann (Paris, 1879).

The Founding of Rome. (i. G, 3.)

Ronmlum Reiuum-
que cupido cepit in his
locis, ubi expositi ubi-
qiie educati erant, urbis
condendae. Et siiper-
erat multitudo Albano-
rum Latin ornm que ; ad
id pastores quoque ac-
cesserant, qui omnes
facile spem facerent
parvam Albam, par-
vum Lavinium prae
ea urbe quae conderetur, fore. Intervenit cleinde his cogi-
tationibus avitum malum, regni cupido, atque inde foe-

BRONZE WOLF STATUE.

{Rome.)

ROM. LIFE

113

114 LTYY.

15 dum ^ certamen coortuni a satis miti principio. Quoniam gemini
essent, nee aetatis verecunclia- discrimen facere posset, ut dii,
quorum tutelae^ ea loca essent, auguriis legerent, qui nomen
novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio regeret, Palatium Eomu-
lus, Kemus Aventinuiii ad inaugurandum templa capiunt.
20 Priori Eemo augurium venisse fertur sex vultures, iamque
nuntiato augario cum duplex numerus Romulo sese ostendisset,
utrumque regem sua multitudo ^ consalutaverat. Tempore ^ illi
praecepto, at hi numero avium regnum trahebant. Inde cum
altercatione congressi certamine irarum ad caedem vertuntur.
25 Ibi in turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est ludibrio ^
fratris E-emum novos transiluisse muros ; inde ab irato Romulo,
cum verbis quoque increpitans adiecisset "Sic deinde quicumque
alius transiliet moenia mea!" interfectum. Ita solus potitus
imperio Romulus ; condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata.
30 _/yx.^ Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educa-

tuS; muniit. Sacra diis aliis Albano ritu,

Graeco Herculi, ut ab Evandro instituta

erant, facit/ Herculem in ea loca Geryone

interempto boves mira specie abegisse me-

35 ^^^^--C^^TTTIIX^''^ morant, ac prope Tiberim fluvium, qua prae

HUT-URN FROM ALBA ^c armeutum agens nando traiecerat, loco

LONGA. lierbido,^ ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret

(British Museum.) . „ . , .

boves, et ipsum lessum via procubuisse.
Ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor

40 accola ^ eius loci nomine Cacus, f erox viribiis, captus pulchritu-
dine boum cum avertere ^^ cam praedam vellet, quia, si agendo
armentum in speluncam compulisset, ipsa vestigia quaerentem
dominum eo deductura erant, aversos boves, eximium quemque
pulchritudine, caudis in speluncam traxit. Hercules ad primam

45 auroram somno excitus cum gregem perlustrasset oculis et par-

1 unseemly. 2 rggpect 3 pj-otection (g-en.). * followers. ^ = on account of priorit3\ c gport.
'' perform. * grassy. ^ inhabitant, i" drive off.

HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE. 115

tern abesse niimero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si
forte eo vestigia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nee
in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex loco
infesto^ agere porro^ armentum occepit.^ Inde cum actae
boves quaedaiTi ad desiderium, ut iit,'^ relictarum mugissent, red- 50
dita iiiclusarum ex spelunca boum vox Herculem convertit.
Quern cum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vi prohibere conatus
esset, ictus clava fidein pastorum nequiquam invocans morte
occubuit.

Horatius at the Bridge, (ii. 10.)

Cum liostes adessent, pro se quisque ^ in urbem ex agris demi-
grant, urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiis. Alia muris, alia Tiberi
obiecto videbantnr tuta. Pons sublicius^ iter paene hostibus
dedit, ni unus vir fuisset Horatius Codes: id munimentum illo
die fortuna urbis Romanae habuit. Qui positus forte in statione '^ 5
pontis, cum captum repentino impetu laniculum atque inde
citatos decurrere liostes vidisset, trepidamque turbam suorum
arma ordinesque relinquere, repreliensans singulos, obsistens
obtestansque ^ deum et hominum fidem testabatur, nequiquam
deserto praesidio eos fugere; si transitum® pontem a tergo 10
reliquissent, iam plus hostium in Palatio Capitolioque quam in
laniculo fore. Itaque monere praedicere, ut pontem ferro igni,
quacumque vi possint, interrumpant : se impetum^^ hostium,
quantum corpore uno posset obsisti, excepturum. Vadit inde in
primum aditum pontis, insignisque inter conspecta cedentium 15
pugnae terga obversis comminus ad ineundum proelium armis
ipso miraculo audaciae obstupefecit hostis. Duos tamen cum eo
pudor tenuit, Sp. Lartium ac T. Herminium, ambos claros genere
factisque. Cum his primam periculi procellam et quod tumul-
tuosissimum pugnae erat parumper^^ sustinuit. Deinde eos 20

1 uncanny. 2 further. '^ be<ran. * as is apt to happen. ^ with one accord. ^ of piles. "^ on
guard. 8 call to witness. ^ as a passage. 1** onset. 11 for a while.

116 LTVY.

quoque ipsos exigua parte pontis relicta, revocantibus qui
rescindebant, cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens inde truces
minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos provocare,
nunc increpare omnes, servitia regum superborum, suae libertatis

25 inmemores alienam oppugnatum venire. Cunctati aliquamdiu
sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium incipiant, circumspectant.
Pudor deinde commovit aciem, et clamore sublato undique in
unum hostem tela coniciunt. Quae cum in obiecto cuncta scuto
haesissent, neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti ^ pontem obtineret

30 gradu/-^ iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum, cum simul fragor
rupti pontis simul clamor Eomanorum, alacritate perfecti operis
sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Turn Codes "Tibe-
rine pater " inquit, " te sancte precor, haec arma et hunc militem
propitio flumine accipias ! " ita sic ^ armatus in Tiberim desiluit,

35 multisque incidentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit, rem
ausus plus famae habituram ad posteros quam fidei. Grata erga
tantam virtutem civitas fuit : statua in Comitio posita, agri quan-
tum uno die circumaravit datum. Privata* quoque inter pub-
licos honores studia eminebant: nam in magna inopia pro

40 domesticis copiis unusquisque ei aliquid fraudans se ipse victu
suo contulit.

The Deed of Mucins Scaevola. (ii. 12.)

C. Mucins, adulescens nobilis, cui indignum videbatur populum
Pomanum servientem, cum sub regibus esset, nullo bello nee ab
hostibus ullis obsessum esse, liberum eundem populum ab iisdem
Etruscis obsideri, quorum saepe exercitus fuderit, — magno au-
5 dacique aliquo facinore^ eam indignitatem vindicandam ratus,®
primo sua sponte penetrare in hostium castra constituit; dein
metuens, ne, si consulum iniussu et ignaris omnibus iret, forte
deprehensus a custodibus Pomanis retraheretur ut transfuga,'

1 firm. 2 position. 3 as he was. * of individuals. ^ deed. ^ thinking. ^ deserter.

THE DEED OF MUCIUS SCAEVOLA. 117

fortuna turn urbis crimen adfirmante, senatum adit. '' Transire
Tiberim" inquit, "patres, et intrare, si possim, castra liostium lo
volo, non praedo ^ nee populationum in vicem ultor : mains, si di
invant, in animo est facinus." Adprobant patres. Abdito intra
vestem ferro proficiscitur. Ubi eo venit, in confertissima turba
prope regium tribunal constitit. Ibi cum stipendium militibus
forte daretur, et scriba ^ cum rege sedens pari fere ornatu multa 15
ageret, eum milites volgo adirent, timens sciscitari/ uter Porsena
esset, ne ignorando regem semet ipse aperiret quis esset, quo
temere traxit* fortuna facinus, scribam pro rege obtruncat.
Vadentem inde, qua per trepidam turbam cruento mucrone sibi
ipse fecerat viam, cum concursu ad clamorem facto conprehensum 20
regii satellites retraxissent, ante tribunal regis destitutus^ tum
quoque inter tantas fortunae minas metuendus magis quam
metuens, "Romanus sum" inquit "civis, C. Mucium vocant.
Hostis hostem occidere volui, nee ad mortem minus animi est
quam fuit ad caedem: et facere et pati fortia Eomanum est. 25
Nee unus in te ego lios animos gessi; longus post me ordo est
idem petentium decus.*' Proinde in hoc discrimen, si iuvat,
accingere,'^ ut in singulas boras capite dimices ^ tuo, ferrum
liostemque in vestibulo habeas regiae. Hoc tibi inventus Romana
indicimus bellum. Nullam aciem, nullum proelium timueris; 30
uni tibi et cum singulis res erit." Cum rex simuP ira infensus
periculoque conterritus circumdari ignis minitabundus iuberet,
nisi expromeret propere, quas insidiarum sibi minas per ambages ^*^
iaceret, " En tibi " inquit, " ut sentias, quam vile corpus sit iis,
qui magnam gloriam vident," dextramque accenso ad sacrificium 35
foculo inicit. Quam cum velut alienato ab sensu torreret animo,
prope attonitus miraculo rex cum ab sede sua prosiluisset,
amoverique ab altaribus iuvenem iussisset, " In vero abi," inquit,

1 as a plunderer. 2 secretary. s inquire. < happened to draw. 5 set down alone. ^ dis-
tinction. '' prepare for. ^ ut . . . dimices, apposition with discrimen. ^ forthwith. 10 myste-
rious words.

118 T^IVY.

" in te magis quam in me hostilia ausiis. luberem macte virtnte ^
40 esse, si pro mea patria ista virtus staret : nunc iure ^ belli liberum
te intactum inviolatumque hinc dimitto." Tunc Mucins quasi
remunerans meritum, " Quandoquidem," inquit, "est apud te
virtuti lionoSj ut beneficio tuleris a me, quod minis nequisti:
trecenti coniuravimus principes iuventutis Eomanae, ut in te hac
45 via grassaremur.^ Mea prima sors fuit; ceteri, utcumque ceci-
derit primi, quoad te opportunum fortuna dederit, suo quisque
tempore aderunt."

1 go on and prosper. 2 abl. of separation. 3 attack.

XVI. GAIUS PETRONIUS [ARBITER].

Gaius Petroniiis [Arbiter], a writer concerning whose personality there has
been nuich discussion, is probably to be identified with the Gaius Petronius
who was for some time the maitre de plaisirs of Nero, — the Beau Brummel of
Imperial Rome in the first century a.d. A man of great natural ability and
unusual cultivation, he preferred a life of elegant dissipation to any serious pur-
suit. In 66 A.D., he was accused to the emperor of complicity in a plot, and at
once committed suicide by opening his veins in a bath (Tacitus, Annales,
xvi. 17). He wrote the work entitled Satira or Satiricon from which the fol-
lowing extracts are taken, — the best surviving example of the ancient world of
manners. It depicts with absolute fidelity the daily life of the author's time, in
narrating the adventures of two friends, Encolpius and Ascyltus, in one of the
small cities of Campania. All classes of society are drawn with unusual power
and merciless realism, from the standpoint of the man of the world. Its dialogue
gives many specimens of the Latin of common life. Only a portion, however, of
the work has survived, and the gaps in the existing portions are frequent.

The standard edition of the text is by Biicheler (Berlin, 1862; smaller edition,
1882). There is an edition of a portion of the work (the Gena Trimalchionis)
with notes and a German translation by Friedlander (Leipzig, 1891); an edition in
English (announced) by Waters (1895); an English translation of the whole by
Kelly (London, 1854), and a good French translation by De Guerle (Paris, 1862).

A Parvenu^ s Dinner Party, (ch. 31 foil.)

Tandem ergo discubuimus ^ pueris Alexandrinis aquam in
manus nivatam infundentibus aliisque inseqiientibns ad pedes ac
paronychia^ cum ingenti subtilitate tollentibus. Ac ne in hoc
quidem tarn molesto tacebant officio, sed obiter cantabant. Ego
experiri volui, an tota familia cantaret, itaque potionem poposci. 5
Paratissimus puer non minus me acido cantico excepit, et quisquis
aliquid rogatus erat ut daret. Pantomimi chorum, non patris
familiae^ triclinium crederes. Allata est tamen gustatio* valde
lauta ; nam iam omnes discubuerant praeter ipsum Trimalchionem,
cui locus novo more primus servabatur. Ceterum inter pro- 10

1 took our places. 2 agnails. 3 a iirivate gentleman. * first course.

119

120

PETXiONlUS.

mulsidaria ^ asellus erat Coriuthius cum bisaccio ^ positus, qui
habebat olivas in altera parte albas, in altera nigras. Tegebant^
asellum duae lances, in quarum marginibus nomen Trimalchionis
inscriptum erat et argenti pondus. Ponticuli etiam ferruminati
15 sustinebant glires^ melle ac papavere^ sparsos. Fuerunt et
tomacula super craticulam ® argenteam ferventia posita, et infra
craticulam Syriaca pruna cum granis Punici mali.''

In his eramus lautitiis, cam ipse Trimalcliio ad symphoniam
allatus est positusque inter cervicalia^ munitissima^ expressit

THE CAROUSAL.

{From the painting by Alma Tadema.)

20 imprudentibus risum. Pallio enim coccineo adrasum ^^ excluserat
caput circaque oneratas veste cervices laticlaviam immiserat
mappam^^ fimbriis^^ hinc atque illinc pendentibus. Habebat etiam
in minimo digito sinistrae manus anulum grandem subauratum/^
extreme vero articulo digiti sequentis minorem, ut mihi vide-

25 batur, totum aureum, sed plane ferreis veluti stellis ferrumina-
tum. Et ne has tantum ostenderet divitias, dextrum nudavit
lacertum armilla aurea cultum et eboreo ^^ circulo lamina ^^ splen-
dente conexo. Ut deinde pinna ^^ argentea dentes perfodit,

1 dainties. * double pack, s flanked.
8 cushions. 9 well-stuflfed. i» shaven.
15 clasp. 16 toothpick.

* dormice. ^ poppy. ^ gridiron. "^ pomegranate.
" napkin. 12 fringed edges. i3 gilded. " ivory.

A PARVENirS DINNER PARTY. 121

"Amici," inquit "nondum milii suave erat in triclinium venire,
sed ne diutius absentivos morae vobis essem, omnem voluptatem 30
mihi negavi. Permittetis tamen liniri lusum." Sequebatur
puer cum tabula terebintliina^ et crystallinis tesseris,^ notavique
rem omnium delicatissimam. Pro calculis enim albis ac nigris
aureos argenteosque habebat denarios. Interim dum ille omnium
textorum dicta inter lusum consumit, gustantibus adhuc nobis 35
repositorium ^ allatum est cum corbe,* in quo gallina erat lignea
patentibus in orbem alis, quales esse solent quae incubant ova.
Accessere continuo duo servi et symphonia strepente scrutari
paleam ^ coeperunt erutaque subinde pavonina ova divisere con-
vivis. Convertit ad banc scaenam Trimalchio vultum et " Amici, " 40
ait "pavonis ova gallinae iussi supponi. Et mehercules timeo
ne iam concepti^ sint; temptemus tamen, si adhuc sorbilia'^
sunt." Accipimus nos coclearia non minus selibras pendentia
ovaque ex farina^ pingui figurata pertundimus. Ego quidem
paene proieci partem meam, nam videbatur mihi iam in pullum 45
coisse. Deinde ut audivi veterem convivam : " Hie nescio quid
boni debet esse," persecutus putamen^ manu pinguissimam fice-
dulam^*' inveni piperato vitello^^ circumdatam.

Advenerunt ministri ac toralia ^^ praeposuerunt toris, in quibus
retia erant picta subsessoresque cum venabulis et totus venationis 50
apparatus. Necdum scifebamus, quo mitteremus suspiciones
nostras, cum extra triclinium clamor sublatus est ingens, et ecce
canes Laconici etiam circa mensam discurrere coeperunt. Secu-
tum est hos repositorium, in quo positus erat primae magnitudinis
aper, et quidem pilleatus,^^ e cuius dentibus sportellae ^^ depende- 55
bant duae palmulis textae, altera caryotis^^ altera thebaicis^^
repleta. Circa autem minores porcelli ex coptoplacentis ^"^ facti,
quasi uberibus imminerent, scrofam ^^ esse positam significabant.

^ pine. 2 checkers. 3 tray. * basket. ^ straw. ^ ready to be hatched. ^ worth sucking.
8 paste. 9 shell. i" reed-bird. " yolk. 12 coverings. i3 -with a cap on. " little baskets.
" dates. 1" figs. ^^ cake. ^* sow.

122 PETRONIUS.

Et hi quidem apophoreti^ fuerunt. Ceterum ad scindendum aprum

60 accessit barbatus ingens, fasciis ^ cruralibus alligatus et alicula ^
subornatus polymita'* strictoque venatorio cultro latus apri
vehementer percussit, ex cuius plaga turdi^ evolaverunt. Parati
aucupes ® cum barundinibus fuerunt et eos circa triclinium voli-
tantes momento exceperunt. Inde cum suum cuique iussisset

65 referri, Trimalchio adiecit: "Etiam videte, quam porcus ille
silvaticus lotam comederit glandem." Statim pueri ad sportellas
accesserunt, quae pendebant e dentibus, tbebaicasque et caryotas
ad numerum ' divisere cenantibus.

Kepositorium cum sue ingenti mensam occupavit. Mirari nos

70 celeritatem coepimus et iurare, ne gallum quidem gallinaceum
tam cito percoqui^ potuisse, tanto quidem magis, quod longe
maior nobis porcus videbatur esse, quam paulo ante aper fuerat.
Deinde magis magisque Trimalchio intuens eum, "Quid? Quid?"
inquit "porcus hie non est exinteratus?^ ISTon mehercules est.

75 Voca, voca cecum in medio." Cum constitisset ad mensam cocus
tristis et diceret se oblitum esse exinterare, "Quid? oblitus?"
Trimalchio exclamat "Putes ilium piper et cuminum^'^ non
coniecisse. Despolia."^^ Non fit mora, despoliatur cocus atque
inter duos tortores ^^ maestus consistit. Deprecari tamen omnes

80 coeperunt et dicere: " Solet fieri; rogamus, niittas; postea si
fecerit, nemo nostrum pro illo rogabit." Ego, crudelissimae
severitatis, ^•'^ non potui me tenere, sed inclinatus ad aurem Aga-
memnonis "Plane" inquam "hie debet servus esse nequissimus;
aliquis oblivisceretur porcum exinterare? Non mehercules illi

85 ignoscerem, si piscem praeterisset." At non Trimalchio, qui
relaxato in hilaritatem vulto " Ergo " inquit " quia tam malae
memoriae es, palam nobis ilium exintera." Eecepta cocus tunica
cultrum arripuit porcique ventrem hinc atque illinc timida manu

1 souvenirs. ^ drawers. ^ light cloak. ■* richly wrought. ^ thrushes. ^ bird catchers.
7 to music. 8 well-cooked. ^ dressed, lo seasoning-. ^^ strip him. ^2 overseers. ^^ genitive
of characteristic.

A PARVENU'S DINNER PARTY.

123

secuit. Nee mora, ex plagis ponderis iiiclinatione crescentibus
tomacula cum botulis ^ effusa sunt. 90

Plausum post hoc automatum ^ familia dedit et " Gaio feli-
citer ! " ^ conclamavit.

Nee diu mirari licuit tam elegantes strophas*; nam repente
lacunaria^ sonare coeperunt totumque triclinium intremuit. Con-
sternatus ego exsurrexi et timui, ne per tectum petauristarius ^ 95
aliquis descenderet. Nee minus reliqui convivae mirantes erexere
vultus, expectantes quid novi de coelo nuntiaretur. Ecce autem
diductis lacunaribus subito circulus ingens, de eupa' videlicet
grandi excussus demittitur, cuius per totum orbem coronae aureae
cum alabastris unguenti pendebant. Haec apophoreta^ iubemur 100
sumere.

lam illie repositorium cum placentis aliquot erat positum,
quod medium Priapus a pistore faetus tenebat, gremioque satis

amplo omnis generis poma et
uvas sustinebat more vulga- 105
to. Avidius ad pompam^
manus porreximus, et repente
nova ludorum missio hilari-
tatem liic refecit. Omnes
enim placentae ^^ omniaque no
poma etiam minima vexa-
tione contacta coeperunt ef-
fundere crocum ^^ et usque ad
OS molestus umor accidere. E-ati ergo sacrum esse fericulum
tam religioso apparatu^^ perfusum, consurreximus altius et 115
"Augusto, patri patriae, feliciter," diximus. Quibusdam tamen
etiam post banc venerationem poma rapientibus et ipsi mappas
implevimus, ego praecipue, qui nullo satis amplo munere puta-

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(Ilerculaneum.)

1 mincemeat. ^ spontaneous. ^ good luck to Gaius ! * devices. ^ ceiling. 6 acrobat.
' dome. 8 souvenirs. ^ magnificent display, lo cakes. ^^ saffron water (perfume). ^ prepa-
ration.

124 PETRONIUS.

bam me onerare Gitonis sinum. Inter haec tres pueri Candidas
120 succincti tunicas intraverunt, quorum duo Lares bullatos ^ super
mensam posuerunt, unus pateram^ vini circumferens " Dii pro-
pitii" clamabat.

The Weretvolf. (ch. 62.)

Forte dominus Capuam exierat ad scruta^ scita
expedienda. Nactus ego occasionem persuadeo hospi-
tem nostrum, ut mecum ad quintum miliarium ^ veniat.
Erat autem miles, fortis tanquam Orcus. Apocula-
mus^ nos circa gallicinia^; luna lucebat tanquam
meridie. Venimus intra monumenta: liomo mens
coepit ad stelas^ facere,^ sedeo ego cantabundus et
^ -- stelas numero. Deinde ut respexi ad comitem, ille
exuit se et omnia vestimenta secundum viam posuit.

MILIARIUM. ^

10 Mihi anima in naso esse ; stabam tanquam mortuus.

At ille circumivit vestimenta sua et subito lupus factus est.
Nolite me iocari putare ; ut mentiar, nullius patrimonium tanti
facio. Sed, quod coeperam dicere, postquam lupus factus est,
ululare coepit et in silvas fugit. Ego primitus ^ nesciebam ubi

15 essem, deinde accessi, ut vestimenta eius tollerem : ilia autem
lapidea facta sunt. Qui mori timore nisi ego ? Gladium tamen
strinxi et in tota via umbras ^^ cecidi, ^^ donee ad villam amicae
meae pervenirem. Ut larva ^^ intravi, paene animam ebullivi,^^
sudor mihi per bifurcum^'* volabat, oculi mortui, vix unquam

20 refectus sum. Melissa mea mirari coepit, quod tam sero ambu-
larem, et "Si ante" inquit "venisses, saltem nobis adiutasses;
lupus enim villam intravit et omnia pecora perculit, tanquam
lanius^^ sanguinem illis misit. Nee tamen derisit, etiam si
fucrit: servus enim noster lancea collum eius traiecit." Haec ut

1 wearing amulets. ^ bowl. 3 -wares. * milestone. ^ start off. ^ cock-crow. '' tombstones.
8 so. se; "betake himself." '** at first, lo gi^osts. ii hacked at. " pale as a ghost. i3 kicked
the bucket. ^* crotch. " butcher.

THE WEREWOLF. 125

audivi, operire ocnlos amplius non potui, seel luce clara Gai 25
nostri tlomum fugi tanquam copo ^ compilatus, et postquam veni
in ilium locum, in quo lapidea vestimenta erant facta, nihil
inveni nisi sanguinem. Ut vero domum veni, iacebat miles
mens in lecto tanquam bovis, et collum illius medicus curabat.
Intellexi ilium versipellem^ esse, nee postea cum illo panem 30
gustare potui, non si me occidisses. Viderint alii quid de hoc
exopinissent ^ ; ego si mentior, genios vestros iratos habeam.

1 peddler. 2 " turn-skin," i.e. werewolf. 3 think (present subjunctive).

XVII. GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS MAIOR.

Gains Plinius Secundus Maior, a famous encyclopaedic writer, usually spoken
of as "Pliny the Elder" to distinguish him from his nephew, was born in the
north of Italy (probably at Novum Comum) in 23 a.d. After seeing service in
the German campaign of which he wrote an account now lost, he studied law ;
but gave up active practice to devote himself to study and the composition of
literature. As a student his industry was extraordinary. He rose at two
o'clock in the morning and read all day, having a slave read aloud to him at
meal-time and while he was in his bath ; and of all that was read he took
copious notes, so that on his death he left to his nephew one hundred and sixty
volumes of memoranda. From these materials he wrote, among other works,
the monumental Historia JSfaturalis in thirty-seven books, — a great storehouse
of encyclopaedic knowledge that has been of inestimable value to archaeolo-
gists and historians. It deals with astronomy, geography, botany, mineralogy,
meteorology, medicine, zoology, inventions and institutions, and the fine arts, —
besides touching on many other topics of gi'eat interest. In his preface he says
that in its compilation he drew upon some two thousand books ; and he has,
besides, incorporated many facts observed by himself. Pliny died in the erup-
tion of Vesuvius, 79 a.d.

The standard edition of the Latin text is that of Detlefsen in 6 vols. (Berlin,
1882). There is an English translation with an index, by Bostock and Riley, in
the Bohn Series (London, 1859); and one in French by Littre (Paris, 1848-50).

The Jeivels of Lollia Paulina, (ix. 58.)

Lolliam Paulinam quae fuit Gai principis niatrona/ ne serio ^
quidem aut sollemni caerimoniaruia aliquo apparatu sed medio-
crium etiam sponsalium cena, vidi smaragdis ^ margaritisque ^
opertam, alterno textu fulgentibiis toto capite, crinibiiSj spiris/
5 auribiis, collo, manibus,^ digitisque: quae summa quadringenties
HS.^ colligebat : ipsa confestim parata mancipationem ^ tabulis ^
probare. Nee dona prodigi principis fuerant, sed avitae opes,
provinciarum scilicet spoliis partae. Hie est rapinarum exitus :
hoc fuit quare M. Lollius infamatus regum muneribus in toto

1 wife. 2 formal. 3 emeralds. * pearls. ^ braids, e arms. "> 40,000,000 sesterces. » value,
s receipted bills.

126

A CURF FOR THE HYDROPHOBIA. 127

Oriente, interdicta amicitia a Gaio Caesare August! filio venenum lo
biberet ut neptis ^ eius quadringenties HS. operta spectaretur
ad lucernas.^ Computet nunc alicpiis ex altera parte quantum
Curius aut Fabricius in triumphis tulerint; imaginetur illorum
fercula; et ex altera parte Lolliam, unam imperii mulierculam
accubantem: non illos curru detractos quam in hoc vicisse 15
malit?

A Cure for the Hydropliohia. (xxix. 32.)

In canis rabiosi morsu tuetur a pavore aquae capitis canini
cinis illitus ^ vulneri. Oportet autem comburi omnia eodem
modo, ut semel dicamus, in vase fictili novo, argilla ^ circumlito,
atque ita in furnum indito. Idem et in potione prolicit. Quidam
ob id edendum dederunt. Aliqui et vermem e cadavere canino 5
adalligavere, . . . aut ipsius caudae pilos combustos insuere vul-
neri. Cor caninum habentem fugiunt canes. ISTon latrant^ vero
lingua canina in calceamento ^ subdita pollici,^ aut caudam
mustelae ^ quae abscissa dimissa sit habentes. Est limus salivae
sub lingua rabiosi canis qui datus in potu fieri hydrophobus non lo
patitur. Multo tamen utilissime iecur eius qui in rabie mo-
morderit datur, si possit fieri, crudum ^ mandendum ^° : si minus,
quoquo modo coctum aut ius coctis carnibus. Est vermiculus
in lingua canum qui vocatur a Graecis lytta; quo exempto
infantibus catulis nee rabidi fiunt nee fastidium sentiunt, . . . 15
Et cerebello gallinaceo occurritur; sed id devoratum anno tantum
eo prodest. Aiunt et cristam galli contritam efiicaciter imponi
et anseris adipem ^^ cum melle. Saliuntur et carnes eorum qui
rabidi fuerunt ad eadem remedia in cibo dandae. Quin et necan-
tur catuli statim in aqua ad sexum eius qui momorderit ut iecur 20
crudum devoretur ex iis.

1 granddaughter. 2 ^y lamplight. 3 plastered over. * clay. ^ bark. 6 shoe. ^ great toe.
8 weasel. » raw. 10 to be chewed, ^i goose-grease.

128

PLIXY THE ELDER.

Doctors at Rome. (xxix. 5-8.)

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS FOUND AT

Dissederuntque din scholae :

et omnes eas damnavit Herophi-

lus, in musicos pedes venarum

pulsu de scrip to per aetatum

gradus. Deserta deinde etMiaec

secta est : quoniam necesse erat

in ea literas scire. Mutata et

POMPEII. quam postea Asclepiades (ut

retulimiis) invenerat. Auditor eius Themison fuit, qui quae inter

10 initia scripsit, illo mox recedente a vita, ad sua placita ^ mutavit.

Sed et^ ilia Antonius Musa eiusdem auctoritate Divi Augusti,

quern contraria medicina gravi periculo exemerat. Multos prae-

tereo medicos, celeberrimosque ex iis Cassios, Calpetanos, Arrun-

tios, Albutios, Rubrios. Ducena qiiinquagena HS ^ annua

15 mercede iis fnere apud principes. Q. vero Stertinius imputavit

principibus, quod HS quingenis'* annuis contentus esset : sex-

cena^ enim sibi quaestu urbis fuisse numeratis domibus ostende-

bat. Par et f ratri eius merces ^ a Claudio Caesare infusa est :

censusque, quamquam exliausti, operibus Neapoli exornata, heredi

20 HS CCC^ reliquere, quantum ad eam aetatem Arruntius solns.

Exortus delude est Yectius Valens, adulterio Messalinae Claudii ^

Caesaris nobilitatus,^ pariterque eloquentiae assectator. Is eam

potentiam nactus,^*^ novam instituit sectam. Eadem aetas ISTero-

nis principatu ad Thessalum transilivit, delentem cnncta maio-

25 rum placita, et rabie quadam in omnis aevi medicos perorantem :

quali prudeutia ingenioque, aestimari vel uno argumento abunde

potest, cum monumento suo (quod est Appia Via) Iatronicex

se inscripserit. Nullius histrionum equarumque trigarii ^^ comi-

tatior egressus in publico erat : cum Crinas Massiliensis arte

1 = eiiam. 2 according to his own whims, s 250,000 sesterces. * 500,000. ^ 600,000. ^ in-
come. '' 30,000,000. 8 sc. mulieris. ^ made notorious. ^» having acquired. ^1 jockey.

DOCTORS AT ROME. 129

geminata^ ut cautior religiosiorqiie, ad siclerum motus ex 30
ephemeride mathematica cibos daiido, horasque observando,
auctoritate eiim praecessit : nuperque centies HS reliquit, muris
patriae, moenibiisque aliis paene non minori siimma exstructis.
Hi regebant fata, cum repente civitatem Charmis ex eadem
Massilia invasit, damnatis non solum prioribus medicis, verum 35
et ^ balineis : f rigidaque ^ etiam liibernis algoribus lavari per-
suasit. Mersit aegros in lacus. Videbamus senes consulares
usque in ostentationem * rigentes. Qua de re exstat etiam Annaei
Senecae stipulatio.^ Nee dubium est, omnes istos famam novi-
tate aliqua aucupantes^ anima statim nostra negotiari. Hinc 4i)
illae circa aegros miserae sententiarum concertationes, nullo
idem censente, ne videatur accessio^ alterius. Hinc ilia infe-
licis monumenti inscriptio, turba se medicorum perisse.
Mutatur ars quotidie, toties interpolis,^ et ingeniorum Graeciae
flatu impellimur : palamque est, ut quisque inter istos loquendo 45
polleat, imperatorem ilico vitae nostrae necisque fieri : ceu ^ vero
non milia gentium sine medicis degant, nee tamen sine medicina :
sicut populus Romanus ultra sexcentesimum annum, nee ipse in
accipiendis artibus lentus, medicinae vero etiam avidus, donee
expertam ^^ damnavit. 50

Etenim percensere insignia priscorum in his moribus convenit.
Cassius Hemina ex antiquissimis auctor est primum e medicis
venisse Romam Peloponneso Archagatum Lysaniae filium, L.
Aemilio, L. lulio consulibus anno urbis DXXXV., eique ius
Quiritium datum, et tabernam in compito Acilio emptam ob id 55
publice : " Vulnerarium " eum f uisse e re dictum : mireque gra-
tum adventum eius initio : mox a saevitia secandi urendique,
transisse nomen in '^ Carnificem," ^^ et in taedium artem omnes-
que medicos : quod clarissime intelligi potest ex M. Catone,

1 pursuing a twofold trade. 2 = etiam. 3 gg. aqua. * for show. ^ statement. 6 hunting
for reputation. ^ yielding to another. ^ revamped. ^ just as if. 10 after having tried it.
11 executioner.

ROM. LIFE — 9

130 PLINY THE ELDER.

(50 cuius auctoritati triumphus atque censura minimum conferunt ^ ;

tanto plus in i^jso est. Quamobrem verba eius ipsa ponemus : —

" Dicam de istis Graecis suo loco, Marce fili : quid Atlienis

exquisitum liabeam, et quod bouum sit illorum litteras inspicere,

non perdiscere, vincam.- Nequissimum et indocile genus illo-

05 rum ; et hoc puta vatem ^ dixisse : Quandocumque ista gens suas
litteras dabit, omnia corrumpet : tum etiam magis, si medicos
suos hue mittet. lurarunt inter se barbaros necare omnes medi-
cina. Et hoc ipsum mercede faciunt, ut fides lis sit, et facile
disperdant. Nos quoque dictitant barbaros, et spurcius'* nos,

70 quam alios Opicos, appellatione foedant.^ Interdixi tibi de
medicis."

Atque hie Cato DCV anno urbis nostrae obiit, LXXXV suo, ne
quis illi defuisse publice tempora aut privatim vitae spatia ad
experiendum arbitretur. Quid ergo ? damnatam ab eo rem uti-

75 lissimam credimus ? Minime hercules ! subiicit enim qua medi-
cina, et se et coniugem usque ad longam senectam perduxerit,
iis ipsis scilicet, quae nunc nos tractamus ; profiteturque esse
commentarium sibi, quo medeatur filio, servis, familiaribus, quem
nos per genera usus sui digerimus. Non rem antiqui damnabant.

80 sed artem. Maxime vero quaestum esse immani pretio vitae
recusabant. Ideo templum Aesculapii, etiam cum reciperetur is
deus, extra urbem fecisse, iterumque in insula traduntur. Et
cum Graecos Italia pellerent, diu etiam post Catonem, excepisse ^
medicos. Augebo providentiam illorum. Solam banc artium

85 Graecaram nondum exercet Romana gravitas ^ in tanto f ructu :
paucissimi Quiritium attigere, et ipsi statim ad Graecos trans-
fugae : immo vero auctoritas aliter quam Graece eam tractanti-
bus, etiam apud imperitos expertesque linguae, non est. Ac
minus credunt, quae ad salutem suam pertinent, si intelligunt.

90 Itaque, hercule, in hac artium sola evenit, ut cuicumque medicum

1 ascribe. ^ j shall set forth. ^ a prophet. * more outrageoiisl\'. ^ insult. ^ expressly
mentioned. ^ dignity.

DOCTORS AT ROME. 131

se professo statim credatur, cum sit periculuin in iiullo menda-
cio mains. Non tamen illud intuemur, adeo blanda est sperandi
pro se cuique dulcedo ! Nulla praeterea lex, quae puniat insci-
tiam ^ : capitale nullum exemplum vindictae.^ Discunt periculis
nosti'is, et experimenta per mortes agunt : medicoque tantum 95
hominem occidisse impunitas summa est !

1 malpractice. - punishment.

XVIII. MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS.

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus was a native of Spain, where he was born about
40 A.D. Educated at Rome, he long resided at the capital as a professional
teacher of rhetoric and oratory, receiving a regular salary from the imperial
treasury. Among his pupils were Pliny the Younger and the grandnephew of
the emperor Domitian. In the later years of his life he published a work, in
twelve books, on the complete training of an orator from childhood up, in which
he summarized his own practical experiences and observations as a teacher.
This treatise, which is entitled Institutio Oratoria^ is written in a clear and
pleasant style, and exhibits both good taste and common sense. Its illustra-
tions drawn from Roman sources, its judgments upon the great works of ancient
literature, and its occasional anecdotes regarding historical personages, are all
of permanent interest and value. Quintilian died about 95 a.d.

The standard edition of the text of Quintilian is that of Carl Halm, revised
by Meister (Prague, 1886-87), and of Books X. and XII., with notes by Frieze
(New York, 1889). There is a fair translation by Watson, in the Bohn series ;
and a lexicon by Bonnell, in Spalding's edition (1834).

On the Wliipping of Boys in School, (i. 3.)

Caedi^ vero discipiilos, quamlibet et receptum sit et Clirysippus
non improbet, minime velim. Primum, quia deforme atque ser-
vile est et certe, quod conveuit si aetatem mutes,^ iniuria ; deinde,
quod, Si cui tarn est mens illiberalis, ut obiurgatione non corriga-
5 tur, is etiam ad plagas ut pessima quaeque mancipia^ durabitur ;
postremo, quod ne opus erit quidem bac castigatione, si assiduus
studiorum exactor astiterit. Nunc fere negligentia paedagogorum
sic emendari videtur, ut pueri non f acere, quae recta sunt, cogantur
sed, cum non fecerint, puniantur. Denique cum parvulum ver-
10 beribus coegeris, quid iuveni facias, cui nee adhiberi potest liic
metus et maiora discenda sunt? Adde, quod multa vapulantibus*
dictu deformia et mox verecundiae futura saepe dolore vel metu
acciderunt, qui pudor frangit animum et abiicit atque ipsius lucis

1 to be beaten. 2 j^^ jf yo^ imagine the age to be changed. ^ slaves. * those who are beaten.

132

SOME ROMAN JOKES. 133

fugaiii et taedium dictat. Non morabor in parte hac ; niiiiiiim est
quod intelligitur. Quare hoc dixisse satis est ; in aetatem infir- 15
mam et iniuriae obnoxiam nemini debet nimium licere.

Some Roman Jokes, (vi. 3.)

Ref utatio ^ cum sit in negando, redarguendo,- defendendo, ele-
vando^: ridicule negavit Manius Curius ; nam, cum eius accusator
in sipario^ omnibus locis aut nudum eum in nervo'' aut ab amicis re-
demptum ex alea pinxisset: "Ergo ego," inquit, "numquam vici?"
Redarguimus interim aperte, ut Cicero Vibium Curium multum de 5
annis aetatis suae mentientem, "Tum ergo, cum una declamaba-
mus, non eras natus " ; interim et simulata assensione, ut idem
Fabia Dolabellae^ dicente, triginta se annos habere, " Verum est,"
inquit ; " nam hoc illam viginti annis audio." Belle interim
subiicitur pro eo, quod neges, aliud mordacius : ut Junius Bassus, 10
querente Domitia Passieni, quod incusans eius sordes calceos eam
veteres diceret vendere solere, "Kon mehercules," inquit, "hoc um-
quani dixi ; sed dixi, emere te solere." Defensionem imitatus est
eques Romanus, qui obiicienti Augusto, quod patrimonium come-
disset, " Meum," inquit, " putavi." Elevandi ratio est duplex, ut 15
aut verecundiam quis aut iactantiam minuat : quemadmodum C.
Caesar Pomponio ostendenti vulnus ore exceptum in seditione
Sulpiciana, quod is se passum pro Caesare pugnantem gloriaba-
tur,'' "Numquam fugiens respexeris," inquit: aut crimen obiectum,
ut Cicero obiurgantibus, quod sexagenarius Publiliam virginem 20
duxisset, "Cras mulier erit," inquit. Hoc genus dicti consequens
vocant quidam, atque illi simile, quod Cicero Curionem semper
ab excusatione aetatis incipientem, "facilius cotidie prooemium*
habere," dixit; quia ista natura sequi et cohaerere videantur.
Sed elevandi genus est etiam causarum relatio, qua Cicero est 25

1 retort. 2 rebuttal. 3 extenuation. * on a curtain. ^ in bonds, c i.e., the wife of Dolabella.
^ was boasting. » exordium.

13J: MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS.

usus in Vatinium. Qui pedibus aeger, cum vellet videri commo-
dioris valetudinis factus et diceret, se iam bina milia passuum
ambulare, "Dies enim/' inquit, "longiores sunt." Et Augustus
nuntiantibus Tarraconensibus, palmam in ara eius enatam, "Appa-
30 ret," inquit, " quam saepe accendatis.^ " Transtulit- crimen Cas-
sius Severus. Nam cum obiurgaretur a praetore, quod advocati
eius L. Varo Epicureo, Caesaris amico, convicium fecissent, " Ne-
scio," inquit, " qui conviciati sint, et puto Stoicos fuisse."

1 make a fire on it. - shifted (^to another).

XIX. MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS.

Marcus Valerius Martialis was born at Bilbilis in Spain in the year 40 a.d.,
and died in the year 102. He went to Rome to pursue legal studies, but pre-
ferred, as he himself says, casu vivere, to get his living by flattering the emper-
ors, especially Domitian, and the rich nobles! He returned to his native home
so poor that the younger Pliny was obliged to give him money for the journey.
His fame rests on fifteen books of epigrams, depicting all the follies and vices
of his time, with spirit and cutting wit, but without any moral feeling.

The chief edition of the text is that of Friedlander (Leipzig, 1886) . There
are no adequate translations of the epigrams into English.

Thirteen Epigrams.

i. 9.

Bellus ^ homo et magnus vis idem, Cotta, videri :
Sed qui bellus homo est, Cotta, pusillus ^ homo est.

i. 16.

Sunt bona, sunt quaedam mediocria, sunt mala plura
Quae legis hic^: aliter non fit, Avite, liber.

i. 19.

Si memini, fuerant tibi quattuor, Aelia, dentes :

Expulit una duos tussis^ et una duos.
lam secura ^ potes totis tussire diebus :

Nil istic quod agat tertia tussis habet.

i. 32.

Xon amo te, Sabidi, nee possum dicere quare:
Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.

pretty. ^ petty. ' i.e., in my book. * cough. ^ at your ease.

135

L36 MARTIAL.

i. 47.

Nuper erat medicus, nunc est vispillo ^ Diaulus :
Quod vispillo facit, fecerat et medicus.

i. 56.

Continuis vexata madet vindemia nimbis :
Non potes, ut cupias, vendere, copo,^ merum.

i. 72.

Nostris versibus esse te poetam,
Fidentine, putas cupisque credi?
Sic dentata^ sibi videtur Aegle
Emptis ossibus Indicoque cornu ; ^
5 Sic quae nigrior est cadente moro,^

Cerussata ^ sibi placet Lycoris.
Hac et tu ratione qua poeta es,
Calvus ' cum fueris, eris comatus.

i. 109.

Issa est purior osculo columbae,

Issa est blandior omnibus puellis,

Issa est carior Indicis lapillis,^

Issa est deliciae catella^ Publi.
5 Hanc tu, si queritur, loqui putabis ;

Sentit tristitiamque gaudiumque.

Collo nixa ^^ cubat capitque somnos,

Ut suspiria nulla sentiantur;

Ignorat Venerem; nee invenimus
10 Dignum tam tenera virum ^^ puella.

Hanc ne lux rapiat suprema totam,

1 undertaker. - barkeeper. 3 possessed of teeth. * ivory. s mulberry. g enameled.
■? bald. 8 precious stones. ^ lapdog. i" resting. ^^ mate.

THIRTEEN EPIGRAMS. 137

Picta Publius exprimit tabella,

In qua tain similem videbis Issam,

Ut sit tarn similis sibi nee ipsa.

Issam denique pone ^ cum tabella : 15

Aut utramque putabis esse veram,

Aut utramque putabis esse pictam.

ii. 12.

Esse quid hoc dicam, quod olent tua basia myrrham
Quodque tibi est nunquam non alienus odor?

Hoc mihi suspectum est, quod oles bene, Postume, semper :
Postume, non bene olet qui bene semper olet.

ii. 25.

Das nunquam, semper promittis, Galla, roganti.
Si semper fallis, iam rogo, Galla, nega.

iii. 15.

Plus credit^ nemo tota quam Cordus in urbe.

"Cum sit tam pauper, quomodo?" Caecus amat.^

V. 43.

Thai's habet nigros, niveos Laecania dentes.

Quae ratio est? Emptos* haec habet, ilia suos.

compare. ^ gives more credit. 3 he is blindly in love. * bought.

XX. DECIMUS lUNIUS lUVENALTS.

Decimus lunius luvenalis was born about 47 a.d. at the Volscian town of
Aquinum, and died about 130. He was either the son or protege of a rich
freedman, but raised himself to the rank of knight. His extant works consist
of sixteen satires on the foibles and vices of society at Rome under Domitian,
and were probably written at an advanced age. Juvenal is supposed to have
been banished for satirizing the influence of the actor Paris at the imperial
court, and hence died in exile. The Satires are highly rhetorical in their tone, so
much so as to lessen their effect by producing an impression of insincerity.
They abound in epigrammatic lines and phrases, many of which have become
proverbial ; while his studied antitheses and anticlimaxes with his occasional ir-
reverent freedom of expression have led some editors to compare him with James
Russell Lowell in the BigUnu Papers^ and to describe his rather grim wit as " the
earliest known instance of American humor." A very full commentary is that
of Mayor (London, 1886); a very convenient one, that of Lindsay (N. Y., 1890).
A good verse translation is that of Gifford, and a good prose rendering that
of J. D. Lewis. Dr. Samuel Johnson's paraphrase of Satires III. and X.,
under the respective titles of London and The Vanity of Human Wishes, are
fine imitations in spirited and energetic verse, and contain lines that by their
epigrammatic form have become almost as famous as any in the original.

City Life in Rome. (iii. 193-314.)

Nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine ^ fultam ^
Magna parte sui; nam sic labentibus obstat
Vilicus ^ et, veteris rimae ^ cum texit hiatum.
Secures pendente iubet dormire ruina.
5 Vivendum est illic, ubi nulla incendia, nulli

Nocte metus. lam poscit aquam, iam frivola ^ transfert
Ucalegon 5 tabulata ^ tibi iam tertia f umant ;
Tu nescis; nam si gradibus trepidatur' ab imis,
Ultimus ardebit, quem tegula ^ sola tuetur
10 A pluvia, molles ubi reddunt ova columbae.

prop. 2 ; iipported. ^ steward. * crack. ^ traps. ^ story. "^ alarm begins. ^ tile.

138

CITY LIFE IN ROME.

139

A CHARIOT RACE.
{Painting by Gerome.)

Lectus erat Codro Procula minor, nrceoli ^ sex,

Ornamentum abaci, ^ nee non et parvulus infra

Cantliarus ^ et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron.

lamque vetus Graecos servabat cista * libelios,

Et divina opici ^ rodebant carmina mures.® 15

Nil habuit Codrus; quis ejiim negat? et tamen illud

Perdidit infelix totum nihil : ultimus autem

Aerumnae '^ est cumulus, quod nudum et frusta rogantem

Nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque iuvabit.

Si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida ^ mater, 20

Pullati^ proceres,^" differt vadimonia^^ praetor;

Tunc gemimus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem.

Ardet adhuc, et iam accurrit qui marmora donet,

Conferat impensas^^: hie nuda et Candida signa,^^

Hie aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris et Polycliti, 25

Haec Asianorum vetera ornamenta deorum,

Hie libros dabit et forulos ^'* mediamque ^^ Minervam,

Hie modium^® argenti; meliora ac plura reponit

Persicus orborum " lautissimus et merito iam

1 jugs. 2 sideboard. 3 goblet. * chest. ^ vandal.
^ in mourning, lo nobles. ^^ adjourns court. '^ expense
of. 16 peck. 17 destitute.

' mice. ■^ distress. » dishevelled.
13 statues. 1* bookcases, is bust

140

JUVENAL.

Suspectus, tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes.
Si potes avelli circensibus/ optima Sorae
Aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur,
Quant i nunc tenebras unum conducis ^ in annum.
Hortulus hie puteusque ^ brevis nee reste ^ movendus
In tenues plantas faeili difEunditur liaustu.
Vive bidentis ^ amans, et culti vilicus liorti,
Unde epulum possis eentum dare Pytliagoreis.

REDA.

(Von Falke.)

Est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu,
Unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae.^

40 Plurimus hie aeger moritur vigilando : sed ilium

Languorem peperit cibus imperfectus et haerens
Ardenti stomacho. Nam quae meritoria' somnum
Admittunt? Magnis opibus dormitur in urbe:
Inde caput morbi. E-edarum tran situs arcto ^

45 Vicorum in fiexu, et stantis convicia mandrae,^

Eripient somnum Druso vitulisque ^^ marinis.
Si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur

1 public shows. 2 hire. « well. * rope. ^ ^oe. « lizard. ^ lodgings. » narrow,
10 seals.

CITY LIFK m ROME.

141

Dives, et ingenti curret super ora Libiirno/
Atqiie obiter ^ leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus,
Nam que facit somnum clausa lectica"'^ fenestra.
Ante tamen veniet; nobis properantibus obstat
Unda prior, niagno j)opulus preniit agniine lumbos
Qui sequitur; ferit hie cubito,* ferit assere^ duro
Alter; at hie tignum^ capiti incutit, ille metretam.'
Pinguia crura luto/ planta^ mox undique magna
Calcor,^° et in digito " clavus^^ mihi militis haeret.

WINE CART.

(Pompeian Fresco.)

Nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula^^ fumo?
Centum convivae; sequitur sua quemque culina.^'*
Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res
Impositas capiti, quot recto vertice portat 30

Servulus infelix et cursu ventilat^^ ignem.
Scinduntur^^ tunicae sartae ^"^: modo longa coruscat^^
Sarraco^^ veniente abies,^*^ atque altera pinum
Plaustra ^^ vehunt ; nutant alte j)opuloque minantur :
Nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat 65

Axis, et eversum fudit super agmina montem,

* sc. slave. 2 on the way. ^ litter. * elbow. 5 pole. 6 beam. ^ cask. 8 mud. » foot.
^0 trod. "toe. "hobnail. " hamper, —here, food distributed, "kitchen, "blows. ^^ tear.
" patched. " sways. ^* cart. 20 fir-beam. 21 wagons.

142 JUVENAL.

Quid superest de corporibus? quis membra, quis ossa
Invenit? Obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver
More animae.^ Domus ^ interea secura patellas

70 lam lavat, et bucca ^ foculum excitat, et sonat unctis

Striglibus/ et pleno componit lintea^ gutto.^
Haec inter pueros varie properantur : at ille
lam sedet in ripa, taetrumque novicius^ horret
Porthmea,^ nee sperat coenosi^ gurgitis alnum,^'^

75 Infelix, nee habet qiiem porrigat^^ ore trientem.^^

Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis :
Quod spatium tectis sublimibus, unde cerebrum
Testa ^^ ferit, quoties rimosa et curta ^* fenestris
Vasa cadunt; quanto percussum pondere signent

80 Et laedant^^ silicem.^® Possis ignavus haberi

Et subiti casus improvidus, ad cenam si
Intestatus eas. Adeo tot fata, quot ilia
Nocte patent vigiles, te praetereunte, fenestrae.
Ergo optes, votumque feras miserabile tecum,

85 Ut sint contentae patulas ^^ defundere pelves. ^^

Ebrius ac petulans,^^ qui nullum forte cecidit,
Dat poenas, ^^ noctem patitur lugentis amicum ^^
Pelidae,'^^ cubat in faciem, mox deinde supinus.
Ergo non aliter poterit dormire? Quibusdam

90 Somnum rixa facit : sed, quamvis improbus annis,

Atque mero fervens, cavet hunc, quem coccina laena ^^
Vitari iubet, et comitum longissimus ordo,
Multum praeterea flammarum et aenea lanipas.
Me, quem luna solet deducere, vel breve lumen

95 Candelae, cuius dispenso et tempero filum,^*

1 like a breath. 2 household. ^ mouth. •* flesh-scrapers. ^ linen. ^ oil flask. "< newcomer.
8 ferryman = Charon. 9 foul. i» bark. i^ ofi'er. ^2 copper. is potsherd. " chipped.

16 indent. i" flint pavement. ^^ broad. i* basins. 1» quarrelsome. 20 sulfers torments.

21 i.e., Patroclus. 22 Achilles. 23 scarlet cloak. 24 ^vick.

100

10;1

CrrV LIFE IN ROME. 143

Coutemnit. Miserae cognosce prooemia^ rixae,
Si rixa est, iibi tu pulsas, ego vapuloHantmn.
Stat contra starique iubet ; parere necesse est :
Nam quid agas, cum te furiosus cogat et idem
Fortior? "Unde venis?" exclamat: "cuius aceto,^
Cuius conche * tumes ^? quis tecum sectile porrum ^
Sutor'' et elixi vervecis^ labra comedit?
Nil mihi respondes? Aut die, aut accipe calcem.^
Ede ubi consistas ^^ in qua te quaero proseuclia"?"
Dicere si temptes aliquid tacitusve recedas,
Tantumdem est : f eriunt pariter, vadimonia ^^ deinde
Irati faciunt; libertas pauperis haec est:
Pulsatus rogat et pugnis concisus ^^ adorat,

Ut liceat paucis cum dentibus inde reverti.

Nee tamen haec tantum metuas ; nam qui spoliet te

Non deerit, clausis domibus postquam omnis ubique

Fixa catenatae siluit compago ^* tabernae.

Interdum et ferro subitus grassator^^ agit rem:

Armato quoties tutae custode tenentur

Et Pomptina palus et Gallinaria pinus.

Sic inde hue omnes tamquam ad vivaria ^^ currunt.

Qua fornace ^^ graves, qua non incude ^^ catenae?

Maximus in vinclis ferri modus, ^^ ut timeas, ne

Vomer deficiat, ne marrae^o et sarcula^^ desint.

Felices proavorum 22 atavos,^^ felicia dicas 120

Saecula, quae quondam sub regibus atque tribunis

Viderunt uno contentam carcere Eomam.

115

1 prelude 2 get the beating. ^ sour wine. * beans. ^ puffed up. « chopped leek. ' cobbler.
8 boiled sheepshead. ^ take a kick. 10 stand (as a beggar). " synagogue. 12 make you give bail.
13 cut up. "fastening. t5 footpad. 1« preserve, "forge. 1« anvil, i^ quantity, ^o mattocks.
21 hoes. 22 forefathers.

144

JUVEN^AL.

The Bluestockiyig. (vi. 434-450.)

Ilia tamen gravior, quae, cum discumbere ^ coepit,
Laudat Vergilium, periturae ignoscit Elissae,^
Committit vates^ et comparat/ hide Maronem
Atque alia parte in trutiua^ suspendit Homerum.
Cedunt grammatici, vincuntur rlietores, omnis
Turba tacet; nee causidicus/ nee praeco' loquetur,
Altera nee mulier : verboruni tanta cadit vis ;
Tot pariter pelves ^ ac tintinnabula ® dicas
Pulsari. lam nemo tubas, nemo aera^^ fatiget;
Una laboranti poterit succurrere lunae.
Imponit finem sapiens et rebus honestis ;
Nam quae docta nimis cupit et facunda videri,
Crure tenus ^^ medio tunicas succingere debet,
Caedere Silvano porcum, quadrante lavari.
Non habeat matrona, tibi quae iuncta recumbit,
Dicendi genus, aut curvum sermone rotato

1 recline. 2 Dido. s bards.

9 bells. 1" trumpet. ^^ as far as.

* contrasts. ^ balance. ^ lawyer. "^ herald. ^ pans

MENS SANA IN CORPORE SANO. 145

Torqueat entliymema' nee historias sciat omnes;

Sed quaedam ex libris et non intellegat. Odi

Hanc ego, quae repetit volvitque Palaemonis artem,

Servata semper lege et ratione loquendi, 20

Ignotosque mihi tenet antiquaria versus,

Nee curanda viris opicae castigat amicae

Verba: soloecismum ^ liceat fecisse marito.

Mens Sana in Corpore Sano. (x. 346-366.)

"Nil ergo optabunt homines? " Si consilium vis,
Permittes ipsis expendere ^ numinibus, quid
Conveniat nobis, rebusque sit utile nostris.
Nam pro iucundis aptissima quaeque dabunt di :
Carior est illis homo, quam sibi. Nos, animorum 5

Impulsu et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti,
Coniugium petimus partumque * uxoris : at illis
Notum, qui pueri qualisque futura sit uxor.
Ut tamen et poscas aliquid, voveasque sacellis ^
Exta,® et candiduli divina tomacula' porci: 10

Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano;
Fortem posce animum, mortis terrore carentem,
Qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat
Naturae, qui ferre queat quoscunque labores,
Nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 15

Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores
Et Venere et cenis et pluma ^ Sardanapali.
Monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare: semita^ certe
Tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae.
Nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia: nos te, 20

Nos facimus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus.

1 logical puzzle. ^ blunder. 3 decide. * offspring. ^ shrines. ^ vitals. "> mincemeat,
downy couch. ^ path.

ROM. LIFE — 10

XXI. GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS
(MINOR).

Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Minor) was born at Comum 61 a.d.
Having lost liis father at an early age, he was adopted by his uncle, the elder
Pliny, whose name he assumed. From his earliest years he was devoted to
literature, and his acquirements made him one of the most learned men of the
age. When about seventeen years old he was at Misenum during the great erup-
tion of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii and in which his uncle lost his life.
He filled various political offices under Domitian, and under Trajan served two
years as propraetor of Pontus. This office, as his letters show, he administered
with much activity and fidelity.

His private character and tastes appear in his own letters. He was a kindly
and upright man, of cultivated mind, fond of simple country life, liberal, and
public-spirited. He was twice married, but had no children. His letters are
valuable as throwing light upon a great variety of topics, and present an agree-
able picture of his own life and that of his friends and associates. They are
written with much care, evidently with a view to publication, and in them the
author constantly betrays an amiable desire for fame. Nothing is known as to
the date or manner of his death.

His extant works are the Panegyricus (a eulogy on Trajan) and the ten books
of his Epistles.

A standard text of Pliny is that of Keil (Leipzig, 1870). There is a good Eng-
lish translation of the letters by Lewis (London, 1879). There is a good edition of
Bks. I. and IL by Cowan with English notes (London, 1889), and of Bk. III. by
Mayor (London, 1880). Selected letters by Prichard and Bernard (Oxford, 1873).

The Erwption of Vesuvius. (Epist. vi. 20.)

Ais te adductiim litteris quas exigent! tibi ^ de morte avunculi
mei scrips! cupere cognoscere quos ego Miseni ^ relictus (id enim
ingressus abruperam) non solum metus verum etiam casus pertu-
lerim. Quamquam animus meminisse horret, incipiam. Profecto
avunculo ipse reliquum tempus studiis (ideo enim remanseram)

1 salutem, "greeting." - at j^our request. ^ locative.
146

THE ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS. 147

impendi^: mox balineuin,- cena, somims inquietus et brevis.
Praecesserat per multos dies tremor terrae minus formidolosus
quia Campaniae solitus. Ilia vero iiocte ita invaluit^ ut non
mover i omnia sed verti crederentur. Inrumpit cubiculum ^ meum
mater: surgebam invicem, si quiesceret, excitaturus. Residi- lo
mus in area^ domus, quae mare a tectis modico spatio dividebat.
Dubito constantiam vocare an inprudentiam debeam; agebam
enim duodevicensimum annum : posco librum Titi Livi et quasi

VESUVIUS AND REMAINS OF FORUM, POMPEII.

per otium lego atque etiam, ut coeperam, excerpo.^ Ecce, amicus
avunculi, qui nuper ad eum ex Hispania venerat, ut me et matrem 15
sedentes, me vero etiam legentem videt, illius patientiam, securi-
tatem meam corripit': nihilo segnius ^ ego intentus in librum.
lam hora diei prima, et adhuc dubius et quasi languidus dies,
lam quassatis circumiacentibus tectis, quamquam in aperto loco,
angusto tamen, magnus et certus ruinae metus. Turn demum 20
excedere oppido visum : sequitur vulgus attonitum, quodque in

1 devoted. ^ bath. ^ became strong. * bedroom. '^ court. ^ make extracts. ' reproves.
8 less diligently.

148 PLINY THE YOUNGER.

pavore simile pmclentiae, alieimm consilium suo praefert in-
gentique agmine abeuntes premit et inpellit. Egressi^ tecta
consistimiis. Multa ibi miranda, multas formidines patimur.

25 Nam vehicula quae produci iusseramus, quamquam in pianissimo
campo, in contrarias partes agebantur ac ne lapidibus quidem
fulta in eodem vestigio quiescebant. Praeterea mare in se
resorberi^ et tremore terrae quasi repelli videbamus. Certe
processerat litus multaque animalia maris siccis harenis detine-

30 bat. Ab altero latere nubes atra et horrenda ignei spiritus ^
tortis vibratisque discursibus rupta in longas flammarum figuras
dehiscebat * : f ulguribus ^ illae et similes et maiores erant. Turn
vero idem ille ex Hispania amicus acrius et instantius " Si frater ''
inquit "tuus, tuns avunculus vivit, vult esse vos salvos: si

35 periit, superstites voluit: proinde quid cessatis evadere?" Ee-
spondimus non commissuros ® nos ut de salute illius incerti
nostrae consuleremus. Non moratus ultra proripit se effusoque
cursu periculo aufertur. Nee multo post ilia nubes descendere
in terras, operire' maria: cinxerat Capreas et absconderat.^

40 Miseni quod procurrit abstulerat. Turn mater orare, hortari,
iubere quoquo modo fugerem; posse enim iuvenem, se et annis
et corpore gravem bene morituram, si mihi causa mortis non
fuisset. Ego contra, salvum me nisi una non futurum: dein
manum eius amplexus, addere gradum cogo. Paret aegre in-

45 cusatque se quod me moretur. lam cinis, adhuc tamen rarus:
respicio; densa caligo® tergis imminebat, quae nos torrentis
modo infusa terrae sequebatur. ''Deflectamus " inquam, "dum
videmus ne in via strati ^*^ comitantium turba in tenebris optera-
mur." " Yix consideramus, et nox, non qualis inlunis aut nubila,

50 sed qualis in locis clausis lumine extincto. Audires ululatus ^^
feminarum, infantum quiritatus ^^; clamores virorum: alii pa-
rentes, alii liberos, alii coniuges vocibus requirebant, vocibus

1 passing beyond. 2 sucked down. 3 flash. ■* parted. ^ sheet lightninjrs. ^ be guilty of.
7 cover. 8 iiide. » darkness. 10 throw down. ^^ crushed. 12 shrieks. i3 cries.

THE ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS. 149

noscitabant ^ : hi simm casiim, illi suorum miserabantur : erant
qui metu mortis mortem precarentur : multi ad deos manus
tollere, plures nusquam iam deos ullos, aeternamque illam et 55
novissimam^ noctem mundo interpretabantur. Nee defuerunt
qui fictis metitisque terroribus vera pericula augerent. Aderant
qui Miseni^ illud ruisse, illud ardere falso, sed credentibus
nuntiabant. Paulum reluxit; quod non dies nobis sed adven-
tantis ignis indicium videbatur. Et ignis quidem longius^ CO
substitit,^ tenebrae rursus, cinis rursus multus et gravis. Hunc
identidem adsurgentes excutiebamus ^ : operti alioqui ' adque
etiam oblisi^ pondere essemus. Possem gioriari non gemitum

„5._^ 5^5X5

PLASTER CAST OF BODY.

(Pojwpeu.)

mihij non vocem parum fortem in tantis periculis excidisse, nisi
me cum omnibus, omnia mecum per ire misero, magno tamen 65
mortalitatis solacio credidissem. Tandem ilia caligo tenuata
quasi in fumum nebulamve discessit : mox dies verus, sol etiam
effulsit, luridus tamen, qualis esse, cum deficit,^ solet. Occursa-
bant trepidantibus adliuc oculis mutata omnia altoque cinere,
tamquam nive, obducta.^° Eegressi Misenum, curatis utcumque 70
corporibus, suspensam dubiamque noctem spe ac metu exegimus.
Metus praevalebat : nam et tremor terrae perseverabat et plerique
lymphati ^^ terrilicis vaticinationibus et sua et aliena mala ludifi-
cabantur.^^ Nobis tamen ne tunc quidem, quamquam et expertis

1 tried to recognize. ^ last. 3 locative. * at .some distance. ^ stopped. ^ shook off. ' other-
wise. 8 crushed. ^ in an eclipse, 'o covered. " distracted. 12 made ridiculous.

150 PLINY THE YOUNGER.

75 periculum et exspectantibus, abeundi consilium, donee de avun-
culo nuntius. Haec nequaquam historia digna non scripturus
leges et tibi, scilicet qui requisisti, imputabis, si digna ne epistula
quidem videbuntur. Vale.

A Haunted House. {Epist. vii. 27.)

Erat Athenis spatiosa et capax domus, sed infamis et pestilens.
Per silentium noctis sonus ferri, et si attenderes acrius, strepitus
vinculorum longius primo, deinde e proximo reddebatur: mox
apparebat idolon,^ senex macie et squalore confectus, promissa
5 barba, horrenti capillo: cruribus compedes,^ manibus catenas
gerebat quatiebatque. Inde inhabitantibus tristes diraeque noctes
per metum vigilabantur : vigiliam morbus et crescente formidine
mors sequebatur. Nam interdiu quoque, quamquam abscesserat
imago, memoria imaginis oculis inerrabat, longiorque causis

10 timoris timor erat. Deserta inde et damnata solitudine domus
totaque illi monstro relicta; proscribebatur ^ tamen, seu quis
emere, seu quis conducere^ ignarus tanti mali vellet. Venit
Athenas philosophus Atlienodorus, legit titulum,^ auditoque
pretio, quia suspecta vilitas,^ percunctatus, omnia docetur ac

15 nihilo minus, immo tanto magis conducit. Ubi coepit adves-
perascere, iubet sterni '^ sibi prima domus parte, poscit pugillares,^
stilum,^ lumen: suos omnes in interiora dimittit, ipse ad scriben-
dum animum, oculos, manum intendit, ne vacua mens audita
simulacra ^*^ et inanes sibi metus iingeret. Initio, quale ubique,

20 silentium noctis, dein concuti ferrum, vincula moveri: ille non
tollere oculos, non remittere stilum, sed offirmare animum auri-
busque praetendere ^^ : turn crebrescere fragor, adventare, et iam
ut in limine, iam ut intra limen audiri: respicit, videt agnos-
citque narratam sibi effigiem. Stabat innuebatque digito, similis

^ ghost. 2 shackles. 3 advertised. * rent. ^ advertisement. " cheapness. '^ make arrange-
ments (for sleeping), s writing tablets. » pen. lo imaginary noises, ii place as a screen.

A HAUNTED HOUSE. 151

vocanti: hie contra iit paulum exspectaret manu significat rur- 25
susque ceris ^ et stilo inciimbit : ilia scribentis capiti catenis
insonabat: respicit rursus idem quod priiis innuentem, nee
moratus tollit lumen et sequitur. Ibat ilia lento gradu, quasi
gravis vinculis: postquam deflexit in aream domus, repente

AULA OF GREEK HOUSE.

(Von Falke.)

dilapsa'-^ deserit comitem: desertus lierbas et folia eoneerpta 30
signum loeo ponit. Postero die adit magistratus, monet ut
ilium locum effodi iubeant. Inveniuntur ossa inserta catenis et
inplicita, quae corpus aevo terraque putrefactum nuda et exesa ^
reliquerat vinculis : collecta publice sepeliuntur. Domus postea
rite conditis ^ manibus earuit. 35

1 tablets. * vanished. ^ consume. * duly laid to rest.

152 PLINY THE YOUNGER.

An Account of the CJmstians. {Epist. ad Trai. xcvii.)

Sollemne^ est milii, domine,^ omnia de quibiis dubito ad te
referre. Qiiis enim potest melius vel cunctationem meam regere
vel ignorantiam extruere? Cognitionibus ^ de Cliristianis inter-
fui numquam : ideo nescio quid et quatenus aut puniri soleat aut

5 quaeri. Nee mediocriter haesitavi sitne aliquod discrimen aeta-
tum an quamlibet^ teneri^ nihil a robustioribus differant, detur
paenitentiae venia^ an ei qui omnino Christianus fuit desisse
non prosit, nomen ipsum, si flagitiis careat, an flagitia coliaerentia
nomini puniantur. Interim in iis qui ad me tamquam Christiani

10 deferebantur liunc sum secutus modum. Interrogavi ipsos an
essent Christiani. Confitentes iterum ac tertio interrogavi, sup-
plicium minatus : perseverantes duci ' iussi. Neque enim dubi-
tabam, qualecumque esset quod faterentur, pertinaciam certe et
inflexibilem obstinationem debere puniri. Fuerunt alii similis

15 amentiae quos, quia cives Eomani erant, adnotavi in urbem
remittendos. Mox ipso tractatu, ut fieri solet, diffundente se
crimine plures species inciderunt. Propositus est libellus sine
auctore multorum iiomina continens. Qui negabant esse se
Christianos aut fuisse, cum praeeunte me deos appellarent et

20 imagini tuae, quam propter hoc iusseram cum simulacris numinum
adferri, ture^ ac vino supplicarent, praeterea male dicerent
Christo, quorum nihil posse cogi dicuntur qui sunt re vera Chris-
tiani, dimittendos esse putavi. Alii ab indice nominati esse se
Christianos dixerunt et mox negaverunt; fuisse quidem, sed

25 desisse, quidam ante plures annos, non nemo etiam ante viginti
quoque. Omnes et imaginem tuam deorumque simulacra ven-
erati sunt [ii] et Christo male dixerunt. Adfirmabant autem
hanc fuisse summam vel culpae suae vel error is, quod essent
soliti stato die ante lucem convenire carmenque Christo quasi

1 custom. - your Majesty. 3 examinations. * however. " tender, young. ^ pardon
7 sc. ad supplicium. « incense.

AX ACCOUNT OF THE CHRISTIANS.

153

deo dicere secum invicem, seque sacramento^ non in scelus 30
aliquod obstringere, sed ne furta, ne latrocinia, ne adulteria
committerent, ne fidem fallerent, ne depositum appellati abne-
garent: quibus peractis morem sibi discedendi fuisse, rursusque
ad capiendum cibum, promiscuum tamen et innoxium; quod
ipsum facere desisse post edictum meum, quo secundum mandata 35

tua lietaerias^ esse vetueram. Quo
magis necessarium credidi ex duabus
ancillis,^ quae ministrae* dicebantur,
quid esset veri et per tormenta quae-
rere. Nihil aliud inveni quam super- 40
stitionem pravam inmodicam.^ Ideo
dilata^ cognitione ad consulendum te
decucurri. Visa est enim mihi res
digna consultatione, maxime propter
periclitantium '^ numerum. Multi 45
enim omnis aetatis, omnis ordinis,
utriusque sexus etiam, vocantur in
periculum et vocabuntur. Neque
civitates tantum sed vicos etiam
atque agros superstitionis istius contagio pervagata est; quae 50
videtur sisti^ et corrigi posse. Certe satis constat prope iam
desolata templa coepisse celebrari et sacra sollemnia diu inter-
missa repeti pastumque venire^ victimarum, cuius adhuc raris-
simus emptor inveniebatur. Ex quo facile est opinari quae
turba hominum emendari possit, si sit paenitentiae locus. 55

SUPPOSED CARICATURE OF THE

CRUCIFIXION.

{Kircherian Museum, Rome.)

1 pledge. ' religious fraternities. ^ maid-servants. < deaconesses,
of those endangered. « stop. 9 ftom veneo.

excessive. ^ put off.

XXII. GAIUS.

An accomplished teacher of Roman law, of whose personality nothing is
known, but whose introductory treatise on the subject (Institutiones), in four
books, was a favorite authority with Roman students, and is much quoted by
modern writers on Roman jurisprudence. The first book relates to persons ;
the second and third, to property ; and the fourth, to legal procedure. There
is an edition of the text with an English translation in parallel columns, and
notes on the subject-matter, by Poste (Oxford, 1875); other editions by Muir-
head (Edinburgh, 1880), and Hears (London, 1882).

The Business Capacity of Women, (i. 190-193.)

Feminas vero perf ectae ^ aetatis in tutela esse, fere nulla pre-
tiosa^ ratio suasisse videtur : nam quae vulgo^ creditur, quia
levitate animi plerumque decipiuntur et aequum erat eas tuto-
rum auctoritate regi, magis speciosa videtur quani vera ; mulieres

5 enim, quae perfectae aetatis sunt, ipsae sibi negotia tractant, et
in quibusdam causis, dicis gratia,"* tutor interponit auctoritatem
suam ; saepe etiam invitus auctor fieri a praetore cogitur. Unde
cum tutore nullum ex tutela indicium mulieri datur : at ubi pupil-
lorum^ pupillarumve ^ negotia tutores tractant, eis post puberta-

10 tem tutelae iudicio*^ rationem reddunt. Sane patronorum et
parentum legitimae tutelae vim aliquam habere intelleguntur
eo, quod bi neque ad testamentum faciendum, neque ad res
mancipi alienandas, neque ad obligationes suscipiendas auctores^
fieri coguntur, praeterquam si magna causa alienandarum rerum

15 mancipi^ obligationisque suscipiendae interveniat. Eaque omnia
ipsorum causa constituta sunt, ut quia ad eos intestatarum mor-
tuarum hereditates pertinent, neque per testamentum excludantur
ab liereditate, neque alienatis pretiosioribus rebus susceptoque
aere alieno minus locuples ad eos hereditas perveniat.

1 mature. 2 good. 3 popularly. * for form's sake. ^ male or female wards. « to the
court. "^ principals. * mancipible = an adjective.

154

XXIII. WALL-INSCRIPTIONS

Many inscriptions have been found in Pompeii and Rome scratched upon the
walls, doorposts, pillars, and tombs by all classes of idlers, — slaves, schoolboys,
loungers, policemen, — and often giving information of much interest concerning
the popular ways of living, thinking, and speaking. These inscriptions (graffiti)
are sometimes made with a stilus or some other sharp instrument, and sometimes
drawn with charcoal or chalk. The best collections of these are those of Bishop
C. Wordsworth in his Miscellanies (London, 1879) ; Pere Garrucci's Graffiti de
Pompei (Paris, 1856) ; and the fourth volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latina-
rum, edited by Zangemeister. See also Parton's Caricature and Other Comic Art
(New York, 1878).

Graffito from the Palace of the Caesars, Rome.

Announcement of a Ball Game.

Amianthus, Epaphra, Tertius ludant cum Hedysio. lucandus
Nolanus petat.^ Numerent ^ Citus et lacus. Amianthus.

pick up (the dropped ball). * score.
165

WALL-INSCRIPTIONS.

To a Ball Player.
Epaphra! pilicrepus^ non es !

To a Blonde.
Candida me docuit nigras ^ odisse puellas.

By a Diner-out.
Ad quern non ceno, barbarus ille mihi est.

By Lovers.

(1) Nemo est bellus nisi qui amavit.

(2) Quisquis amat valeat : pereat qui parcit amare.

(3) Auge amat ArabienuD^.

A New Year's Wish.
lanuarias nobis felices multos annos !

Graffito, Pompeii.

An Election A2:fpeal.
Aulum Vettium Firmum aedilem oro vos faciatis,^ dignum re
publica virum ! Oro vos f aciatis ! Pilicrepi, facite !

1 ball-player. 2 brunettes. 3 elect.

WALL-INSCRIPTIONS. 157

A Lover's Quarrel.
Virgula Tertio suo : indecens ^ es.

Letter to a Dead Man.

Pyrrhus C. Heio collegae S. — Moleste fero^ quia audivi te mor-
tuiim : itaque vale.

Warning by a Stem Parent.

Quisquis amat veniat veneri ^ volo frangere costas *

Fustibus ^ et lumbos debilitare bene.
Sermo est ille mihi tenerum pertundere pectus

Quoi ego non possim caput illud frangere fuste.

1 real mean. 2 am very sorry. 3 bent on love. * ribs. ^ clubs.

CARICATURE OF SOLDIER

{Pompeii.)

XXIV. CORNELIUS TACITUS.

Cornelius Tacitus, one of the greatest of the Roman historians, was born
about 55 A.D., and died about 120 a.d. He is the last of the truly classic writers
of Roman literature. He was trained in rhetoric and writing, and held a num-
ber of public offices under Vespasian and succeeding emperors, being praetor in
the year 88. His works are a life of his father-in-law Agricola {Vita Agri-
colae) ; Historiae, a history of the Empire from 69 to 96 a.d., of which there
remain only four complete books ; Annates, a history of the Empire from the
death of Augustus (14 a.d.) to the death of Nero (68 a.d.), in sixteen books, of
which nearly five are lost ; a description of Germany (De 3Ionbus et Populis
Germaniae) of great historical and ethnographic value ; and a dialogue on
Roman oratory (Dialogus de Oratoribus), of which some writers have refused
to admit the Tacitean authorship.

Tacitus is a powerful and impressive writer, a remarkable analyzer of character,
and fond of psychological investigation. His language is epigrammatic, highly
rhetorical, and at times almost unduly condensed.

The best edition of the Dialogus is that of Gudeman (N. Y. 1894); a good one
of the Agricola and Germania, that of Church and Brodribb (2d ed, London,
1889) ; of the Historiae, that of Spooner (London, 1891) ; and of the Annates,
that of Furneaux (Oxford, 1884). A good English translation of Tacitus is
that by Church and Brodribb.

A British Chieftain to his Warriors. (Agricola, xxx.-xxxii.)

" Quotiens causas belli et necessitatem nostram intueor, magnus
mihi animus^ est hodieriuim diem conseiisumque^ vestrum ini-
tium libertatis toti Britanniae fore. Nam et universi servitutis
expertes, et nullae ultra terrae, ac ne mare quidem sesurum

5 imminente nobis classe Romana. Ita proelium atque arma, quae
fortibus honesta, eadem etiam ignavis tutissima sunt. Priores
pugnae, quibus adversus Roman os varia fortuna certatum est,
spem ac subsidium in nostris manibus liabebant, quia nobilissimi
totius Britanniae, iique in ipsis penetralibus ^ siti, nee servien-

10 tium littora aspicientes, oculos quoque a contactu dominationis

^ confidence. 2 union. ^ sanctuaries.

158

A BRITISH CHIEFTAIN TO HIS WARRIORS. 159

invioLatos liabebamns. Nos terrarum ac libertatis extremos
recessus ipse ac sinus famae in hunc diem clefenclit, atque omne
ignotum pro magnilico est. Sed nunc terminus Britanniae patet.
Nulla iam ultra gens, nihil nisi fluctus et saxa, et infestiores
Romani, (quorum superbiam f rustra per obsequium ac modestiam ^ 15
effugeris. Eaptores orbis, postquam cuncta vastantibus ^ def uere
terrae, iam et mare scrutantur; si locuples hostis est, avari; si
pauper, ambitiosi, quos non Oriens, non Occidens satiaverit.
Soli omnium opes atque inopiam pari affectu^ concupiscunt.
Auferre, trucidare, rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi 20
solitudinem '^ I'aciunt, pacem appellant.

"Liberos cuique ac propinquos suos natura carissimos esse
voluit. Hi per delectus^ alibi servituri auferuntur; coniuges
sororesque, etiamsi hostilem libidinem effugiant, nomine ami-
corum atque hospitum polluuntur. Bona fortunaeque in tribu- 25
tum, ager atque annus in frumentum, corpora ipsa ac manus
silvis ac paludibus® emuniendis inter verbera ac contumelias
conteruntur. Nata servituti mancipia"^ semel veneunt,^ atque
ultro a dominis aluntur; Britannia servitutem suam cotidie
emit, cotidie pascit.^ Ac sicut in familia recentissimus quis- 30
que servorum etiam conservis ludibrio^^ est, sic in hoc orbis
terrarum vetere famulatu ^^ novi nos et viles in excidium ^^ peti-
mur. Neque enim arva nobis aut metella^" aut portus sunt,
quibus exercendis reservemur. Virtus porro ac ferocia subiec-
torum ingrata imperantibus ; et longinquitas ^^ ac secretum^^ 35
ipsum quo tutius, eo suspectius. Ita sublata spe veniae tandem
sumite animum, tam quibus salus quam quibus gloria carissima
est. Brigantes femina duce exurere coloniam, expugnare castra,
ac, nisi felicitas in socordiam vertisset, exuere iugum potuere;
nos integri et indomiti et libertatem non in poenitentiam laturi,^^ 40

1 meekness. 2 gc. sibi. 3 longing. * a desert. ^ conscriptions. «^ marshes. ^ slaves.
8 are sold. » maintains it. i» dative. " slave-troop. 12 destruction. i3 mines. " distance.
1° retirement, ic sustain.

160 TACITUS.

priino statim congressu^ ostendamus, quos sibi Caledonia viros
seposuerit.

^^ An eandem Romanis in bello virtutem quam in pace lasciviam
adesse creditis? Nostris illi dissensionibus ac discordiis clari

45 vitia hostium in gloriam exercitus sui vertunt ; quern contractnm
ex diversissimis gentibus ut secundae res tenent, ita adversae
dissolvent, nisi Gallos et Germanos et (pudet dictu) Britannorum
plerosque, licet dominationi alienae sanguinem commodent, diu-
tius tamen liostes quam servos, fide et affectu teneri putatis.

50 Metus ac terror est, infirma vincla loco caritatis^; quae ubi
removeris, qui timere desierint, odisse incipient. Omnia victoriae
incitamenta pro nobis sunt; nullae Romanos coniuges accendunt;
nulli parentes fugam exprobraturi sunt; aut nulla plerisque
patria aut alia est. Paucos numero, trepidos ignorantia, caelum

55 ipsum ac mare et silvas, ignota omnia, circumspectantes, clausos
quodammodo ac vinctos dii nobis tradiderunt. Ne terreat vanus
aspectus et auri fulgor atque argenti, quod neque tegit neque
vulnerat. In ipsa hostium acie inveniemus nostras manus;
agnoscent Britanni suam causam, recordabuntur Galli priorem

60 libertatem, deserent illos ceteri Germani, tamquam nuper Usipii
relinquerunt. Nee quicquam ultra formidinis; vacua castella,
senum coloniae, inter male parentes et iniuste imperantes aegra
municipia et discordantia. Hie dux, liic exercitus; illic tributa
et metalla et ceterae servientium poenae, quas in aeternum per-

65 ferre aut statim ulcisci in hoc campo est. Proinde ituri in
aciem et maiores vestros et posteros cogitate! "

An Account of the Germans. {Germania, xvi.-xix.)

Nullas Germanorum populis urbes habitari satis notum est, ne
pati quidem inter se iunctas sedes.^ Colunt discreti ac diversi,
uf^ fons, ut campus, ut nemus placuit. Vicos^ locant non in

2 love. 3 homes. * according as. '^ villages.

AN Accorxr of thk (Germans. 161

iiostrmn morem coiiiiexis et cohaerentibus aedificiis; suam ()[uis-
que domum spatio circuindat, sive ad versus casus ignis reme- 5
dium,^ sive inscitiil aedificandi. Ne caementorum quidem apud
illos aut tegularum^ usus; materia ad omnia utuntur informi et
citra speciem^ aut delectationem. Quaedam loca diligentius
illinunt terra ita puril ac splendente, ut picturam ac lineamenta
colorum imitetur. Solent et subterraneos specus aperire, eosque lo
multo insuper fimo ^ onerant, suff ugium ^ hiemi et receptaculum
frugibus, quia rigorem frigorum eiusmodi locis molliunt, et si
quando liostis advenit, aperta populatur, abdita autem et defossa
aut ignorantur, aut eo ipso fallunt, quod quaerenda sunt.

Tegumen omnibus sagum® fibula'' aut, si desit, spina ^ con- 15
sertum. Cetera intecti totos dies iuxta focum atque ignem agunt.
Locupletissimi veste distinguuntur, non fluitante, sicut Sarmatae
ac Parthi, sed stricta et singulos artus exprimente.^ Gerunt et
ferarum pelles, proximi ripae negligenter, ulteriores exquisitius,
ut quibus nullus per commercia cultus. Eligunt feras, et detracta 20
velamina spargunt maculis ^^^ pellibusque beluarum, quas exterior
Oceanus atque ignotum mare gignit. Nee alius feminis quam
viris habitus, nisi quod feminae saepius lineis amictibus velantur,
eosque purpura variant, partemque vestitus superioris in manicas"
non extendunt, nudae bracliia ^'^ ac lacertos ; sed et proxima pars 25
pectoris patet.

Quamquam severa illic matrimonia, ^^ nee ullam morum partem
magis laudaveris. Nam prope soli barbarorum singulis uxoribus
contenti sunt, exceptis admodum paucis, qui non libidine, sed
ob nobilitatem plurimis nuptiis ambiuntur. Dotem non uxor 30
marito, sed uxori maritus offert. Intersunt parentes et propin-
qui ac munera probant, munera, non ad delicias muliebres quae-
sita, nee quibus nova nupta comitatur, sed boves, et frenatum ^^
equum, et scutum cum framea^^ gladioque. In liaec munera uxor

1 precaution. 2 tiles. ^ show. * dung. ^ refuge. ^ cloak. ^ clasp. » thorn. ^ outlining.
'•^ markings. ^^ sleeves. ^2 accus. of specif. ^^ marriages. ^* bridled. ^^ spear.
ROM. LIFE 11

162 TACITUS

35 accipitur, atque invicem ipsa armorum aliquid viro affert. Hoc
maximum vinculum, haec arcana sacra, hos coniugales deos
arbitrantur. Ne se mulier extra virtutum cogitationes extraque
bellorum casus putet, ipsis incipientis matrimonii auspiciis ad-
monentur venire se laborum periculorumque sociam, idem in pace,

40 idem in proelio passuram ausuramque. Hoc iuncti boves, hoc
paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant; sic vivendum, sic
pereundum; accipere se, quae liberis inviolata ac digna reddat,
quae nurus ^ accipiant rursusque ad nepotes referantur.

Ergo septa ^ pudicitia agunt nullis spectaculorum illecebris,^

45 nullis conviviorum irritationibus corruptae. Litterarum secreta
viri pariter ac feminae ignorant. Paucissima in tarn numerosa
gente adulteria, quorum poena praesens, et maritis permissa.

1 daughter-in-law. 2 guarded. ^ temptations.

XXV. GAIUS SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS.

Gains Suetonius Tranquillus, whose life probably lies between the year 75 and
160 A.D., was a Roman lawyer and writer under the Emperor Trajan, and was
for a time private secretary to the Emperor Hadrian. He was a man of wide
learning and wrote many works of an encyclopaedic character, some of them in
Greek. His more important productions were a biographical work Viri Illustres,
fragments of which remain ; a collection of miscellanies entitled Pratiim, now lost;
and a life of the twelve Caesars {De Vita Caesarum) in eight books. His style and
manner of treatment are monotonous, yet by the accumulation of details he often
gives pictures of great vividness, so that one of the later emperors, Commodus,
offended by their graphic power, ordered the book to be thrown to the wild beasts.

The standard text of the Lives is that by Roth (Leipzig, 1858) ; and of the frag-
ments, that by Reifferscheid (2d ed. Leipzig, 1890). There is an edition of the
first two books of the Lives with English notes by H. T. Peck (2d ed. N. Y.
1893). The Lives and the remains of the Viri Illustres are translated into Eng-
lish in the Bohn Library by Thomson and Forester (London, 1881).

The Golden House of Nero. {Nero, xxxi.)

Nou ill alia re tamen dam-
nosior quam in aedificando,
domum a Palatio Esquilias
usque fecit, quam primo " tran-
sitoriam/^ mox incendio ab- 5
sumptam restitutamque "au-
ream" nominavit. De cuius
spatio atque cultu suffecerit
haec retulisse. Vestibulum
eius fuit, in quo colossus CXX lo
pedum staret ipsius effigie;
tanta laxitas, ut porticus tri-
plices miliarias haberet ; item
stagnum maris instar, cir-
cumsaeptum aedificiis ad ur- 15
bium speciem ; rura insuper, arvis atque vinetis et pascis silvis-

163

164

SUETONIUS.

que varia, cum multitudine omnis generis pecudum ac ferarum.
In ceteris partibus cuncta auro lita/ distincta gemmis unionum-
que^ conchis erant ; cenationes^ laqueatae tabulis eburneis versa-

20 tilibus, ut flores, iistulatis'* ut unguenta desuper spargerentur ;
praecipua cenationum rotunda, quae perpetuo diebus ac nocti-
bus vice mundi circumageretur ; balineae marinis et albulis^
fluentes aquis. Eius modi domum cum absolutam dedicaret,
hactenus comprobavit, ut se diceret quasi hominem tandem habi-

25 tare coepisse.

PALACE OF THE CAESARS.

{Restoration by Benvenuto.)

Praeterea incohabat piscinam a Miseno ad Avernum lacum,
contectam porticibusque conclusam, quo quidquid totis Baiis
calidarum aquarum esset converteretur ; fossam ab Averno Os-
tiam usque, ut navibus nee tamen ii\ari iretur, longitudinis per
30 centum sexaginta milia, latitudinis, qua contrariae quinqueremes
commearent. Quorum operum perficiendorum gratia quod ubi-
que esset custodiae in Italiam deportari, etiam scelere convictos
non nisi ad opus damnari praeceperat.

* overlaid. ~ pearls. ^ jiajug rooms. * having pipes. ° sulphurous.

THE MADNESS OF CALIGULA. 165

Ad hunc impenclioriiiu ^ furorem,- super fidueiara imperii, etiam
spe quadam repentinfi immensarnm et reoonditaruiri opura inipul- 35
sus est ex indicio equitis Komaiii pro comperto'^ pollicentis the-
sauros antiquissimae gazae,'^ quos Dido regin;i fugiens Tyro
secum extulisset, esse in Africa vastissimis specubus^ abditos,
ac posse erui parvula molientiuiii ^ opera.

The Madness of Caligula. (Calig. xviii. folL)

Mimera^ gladiatoria, partim in ampliitlieatro Tauri partim in
Septis, aliquot edidit, quibus inseruit catervas Afrorum Campa-
norumque pugilum ex utraque regione electissimorum. Neque
spectaculis semper ipse praesedit, sed interdum aut magistrati-
bus aut amicis j)raesidendi munus iniunxit. Scaenicos ludos et 5
assidue et varii generis ac multifariam fecit, quandam et noctur-
nes, accensis tota urbe luminibus. Sparsit et missilia^ variarum
re rum, et panaria^ cum obsonio viritim^^ divisit; qua epulatione
equiti Eomano contra se hilarius avidiusque vescenti partes suas
misit, sed et senatori ob eandem causam codicillos,^^ quibus prae- lO
torem eum extra ordinem designabat. Edidit et circenses plu-
rimos a mane ad vesperam, interiecta modo Africanarum venatione
modo Troiae decursione, et quosdam praecipuos, minio^^ et chrys-
ocolla^^ constrato Circo, nee ullis nisi ex senatorio ordine aurigan-
tibus. Commisit et subitos, cum e Gelotiana apparatum Circi 15
prospicientem pauci ex proximis maenianis postulassent.

Novum praeterea atque inauditum genus spectaculi exco-
gitavit. Nam Baiarum medium inter vallum ad Puteolanas moles,
trium milium et sexcentorum fere passuum spatium, ponte con-
iunxit, contractis undique onerariis navibus et ordine duplici ad 20
anchoras conlocatis, superiectoque aggere terreno ac directo in

1 expenditure. 2 frenzy. 3 as real. * treasures. 5 caves. « on the part of the laborers.
7 shows. 8 things to be scrambled for. » baskets of bread. ^o to each man. " letters patent.
w vermilion. '^ green.

166 SUETONIUS.

Appiae viae formam. Per hunc pontem ultro citro commeavit
biduo continenti, primo die falerato ^ equo insignisqiie quercea ^
corona et caetra et gladio aureaque clainide/^ postridie quadriga-

25 rio habitu curriculoque biiugi famosorum'' equorum, prae se
ferens Dareum piierum ex Parthoruiii obsidibus, comitante prae-
torianorum agmine et in essedis ^ cohorte araicorum. Scio ple-
rosque existimasse, talem a Gaio pontem excogitatuin aemulatione
Xerxis, qui non sine admiratione aliquanto angustiorem Helles-

30 pontum contabulaverit "^ ; alios, ut Germaniani et Britanniam,
quibus imminebat, alicuius inmensi operis fama territaret. Sed
aviim meum narrantem puer audiebam, causam operis ab interi-
oribus aulicis' proditam quod Thrasyllus matliematicus^ anxio
de successore Tiberio et in verum nepotem proniori affirmasset,

35 "non magis Gaium imperaturum quam per Baianum sinum
equis discursurum." . . .

Compluribus cognominibus adsumptis (nam et "Pius" et
" Castrorum Filius " et "' Pater Exercituum " et " Optimus Max-
imus Caesar" vocabatur). Cum audiret forte reges, qui officii

40 causa in urbem advenerant, concertantes apud se super cenam
de nobilitate generis, exclamavit: eU Kotpavo^ ea-To), ch ^ao-iXeu?.^
Nee multum afuit quin statim diadema sumeret speciemque^^
principatus in regni formam converteret. Verum admonitus ^^ et
principum et regum se excessisse fastigium,^^ divinam ex eo

45 maiestatem asserere sibi coepit; datoque negotio ut simulacra
numinum religione et arte praeclara, inter quae Olympi lovis,
apportarentur e Graecia, quibus capite dempto suum imponeret,
partem Palatii ad Forum usque promovit,^^ atque aede Castoris et
Pollucis in vestibulum transfigurata, consistens ^^ saepe inter fra-

50 tres deos, medium adorandum se adeuntibus exhibebat ; et qui-
dam eum Latiarem lovem consalutarunt. Templum etiam numini

1 caparisoned. 2 of oak leaves. s cloak. ■* blooded. " war-chariots. « bridged over.
7 courtiers. ^ astrologer. » Let there be a single prince, a single king ! i» nature. " advised.
12 grandeur. " extended. " taking his stand.

THE MADNESS OF CALIGULA. 16T

siio propriiim et sacerdotes et excogitatissimas hostias instituit.
In templo simulacrum stabat aureum iconicum/ amiciebaturque
cotidie veste, quali ipse uteretur. Magisteria sacerdotii ditissi-
mus quisque et ambitione et licitatione maxima vicibus com- 55
parabant.^ Hostiae eraiit phoeuicopteri,^ pavones, tetraones,*
numidicae,*"' meleagrides,^ phasianae/ quae generatim per singu-
los dies immolareiitur. Et noctibus quidem plenam fulgen-
temque lunam invitabat assidue in amplexus, interdiu vero cum
Capitolino love secreto fabulabatur, modo insusurrans^ ac prae- GO
bens in vicem aurem, modo clarius nee sine iurgiis. . . .

Nihilo reverentior leniorve erga senatum, quosdam summis
honoribus functos ad essedum sibi currere togatos per aliquot
passuum milia, et cenanti modo ad pluteum^ modo ad pedes
stare succinctos linteo ^" passus est ; alios cum clam interemisset, 65
citare^^ nihilo minus ut vivos perseveravit, paucos post dies
voluntaria morte perisse mentitus.-'^ Consulibus oblitis de natali
suo edicere abrogavit magistratum, fuitque per triduum sine
summa potestate res publica. Quaestorem suum in coniuratione
nominatum flagellavit, veste detracta subiectaque militum pedi- 70
bus, quo firme verberaturi insisterent.

Simili superbia violentiaque ceteros tractavit ordines. Inqui-
etatus fremitu gratuita in circo loca de media nocte occupantium,
omnes fustibus abegit ; elisi ^^ per eum tumultum viginti amplius
equites Eomani totidem matronae, super innumeram turbam cete- 75
ram. Scaenicis ludis, inter plebem et equitem causam discor-
diarum serens, decimas " maturius dabat, ut equestria ab infirmo
quoque occuparentur. Gladiatorio munere, reductis interdum
flagrantissimo sole velis, emitti quemquam vetabat remotoque
ordinario apparatu, tabidis^^ feris vilissimos senioque confectos 80
gladiatores quoque paegniarios ^^ patres familiarum notos sed

1 life-size. * secured. 3 flamingoes. * moor fowls. ^ bustards. « guinea hens. ^ pheasants.
8 whispering. " the head of his couch. i» towel. ^^ invite. " pretending. is crushed.
^* money orders. ^^ decrepit. ^^ make-believe.

168

SUETONIUS.

insignes debilitate aliqua corporis obiciebat. Ac nonnumquam,
horreis ^ praeclusis, populo faniem indixit.

Saevitiam ingenii per iiaec maxime ostendit. Cum ad saginam

85 ferarum muneri praeparatarum carius pecudes compararentur, ex

noxiis laniandos^ aduotavit et custodiarum seriem recognoscens.

pollicp: vkkso.
{From the painting hy Gerome.)

nullius inspect© elogio,^ stans tantum modo intra porticum
mediam, " a calvo ad calvum " ^ duci imperavit. Votum exegit
ab eo, qui pro salute sua gladiatoriam operam promiserat, spec-
90 tavitque ferro dimicantem, nee dimisit nisi victorem et post
multas preces. Alterum, qui se periturum ea de causa voverat,
cunctanteni pueris tradidit verbenatum^ infulatumque ^ votum

1 public granaries.
6 and with fillets.

to be torn in pieces. 3 label. * neck and crop. ^ decked with garlands

JHE MADNESS OF CALIGULA. 169

reposcentes per vicos agerent, quoad piaecipitaretur ex aggere.
Multos honesti ordinis, deformatos prius stiginatum notis, ad
metalla^ et munitiones viarum aut ad bestias condemnavit, aut 95
bestiarum more quadripedes^ cavea coercuit, aut medics serra'^
dissecuit ; nee omnes gravibus ex causis, verum male de munere
suo opinatos, vel quod numquam per genium suum deierassent.
Parentes supplicio tiliorum interesse cogebat ; quorum uni vali-
tudinem excusanti lecticam misit, alium a* spectaculo poenae lOO
epulis statim adhibuit atque omni comitate ad hilaritatem et
iocos provocavit. Curatorem munerum ac venationum, per con-
tinuos dies in consx^ectu suo catenis ^ verberatum, non prius occi-
dit quam offensus putrefacti cerebri odore. Atellanae poetam ob
ambigui ioci versiculum media ampliitheatri harena igni crema- 105
vit. Equitem Romanum obiectum feris, cum se innocentem pro-
clamasset, reduxit, abscissaque lingua rursus induxit. . . .

Nee minore livore ac malignitate quam superbia saevitiaque
paene adversus omnis aevi hominum genus grassatus est.^ Sta-
tu as viroruni inlustrium, ab Augusto ex Capitolina area propter no
augustias in Campum Martium conlatas, ita subvertit atque
disiecit ut restitui salvis titulis non potuerint, vetuitque posthac
viventium cuiquam usquam statuam aut imaginem nisi consulto
et auctore se poni. Cogitavit etiam de Homeri carminibus abo-
lendis '^cur enim sibi non licere," dicens, ^'quod Platoni licuis- 115
set, qui eum e civitate quam constituebat, eiecerit?" Sed et
Vergilii ac Titi Livi scripta et imagines paulum afuit quin ex
omnibus bibliothecis amoveret, quorum alterum ut nuUius in-
genii minimaeque doctrinae, alterum ut verbosum in historia
neglegentemque carpebat. De iuris quoque consultis, quasi sci- 120
entiae eorum omnem usum aboliturus, saepe iactavit, " se meher-
cule effecturum ne quid respondere possint praeter eum."

1 mines. ^ ,^ji all fours. ^ saw. •* after. ^ chains, " bore himself.

XXVI. PUBLIUS AELIUS HADRIANUS.

Publius Aelius Hadrianus was born at
Rome in 76 a.d. and died in 138. He was
of Spanish ancestry and related to the
Emperor Trajan, by whom he was brought
up, and whom he succeeded in the year
117 A.D. With the exception of the last
years of his reign, when he became sus-
picious and cruel, he devoted himself to
the material and intellectual good of his
subjects, by the promulgation of humane
laws, and especially by the numerous
^ magnificent architectural works which he
planned and carried out. He spent sev-
eral years in travel, visiting all parts of
the Empire, and founded or aided many
institutions of learning. He sought every-
where the society of men of letters, and
was especially fond of Athens and Alex-
andria, where he was constantly engaged
in discussion with the philosophers. His own writings were of a desultory
character and seem never to have risen above the level of dilettanteism, though
often clever and full of wit. Apart from decrees, there remain to us only short
fragments, epistolary and epigrammatic. There is a life of Hadrian in German
by Gregorovius (Stuttgart, 1884).

HADRIAN.

(British Museum.)

The Retort Courteous.

(Quoted by Spartianus, Vit. Hadr. 16.)

Floro poetae scribenti ad se:
Ego nolo Caesar esse,
Ambulare per Britannos,
Latitare ^ per Germanos,
Scythicas pati pruinas,^ —

1 sneak around. ^ fVosts.

170

'IHK DKPAiniXC; SOUL

171

MAUSOLEUM OF HADRIAN IN ROME (CASTLE OF ST. ANGELO).

rescripsit [Hadrianus] :

Ego nolo Florus esse,
Ambulare ^ per tabernas/
Latitare per popinas ^
Culices '' pati rotundos.

The Departing Sovl.

(Quoted by Spartianus, Vit. Hadr. 27.)

Aiiimnla, vagula, blandiila,
Hospes comesqiie corporis,
Quae nunc abibis in loca,
Pallidula, rigida, nudula,
ISTec ut soles dabis iocos ?

hang around. - taverns. ^ bar-rooms. •* fleas,

XXVII. THE LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF A
LITTLE PIG. (TESTAMENTUM PORCELLL)

This jeu cV esprit is of unknown authorship and uncertain date ; but as it is
mentioned by St. Jerome {Comment, in Is. xii, introd.), it must have been
written earlier tlian tlie fourtli century a.d. The oldest MS. containing it is
of the ninth century. St. Jerome says that it was repeated by the boys in
schools, where it excited much laughter. It is evidently intended for children,
the language of the preliminary paragraph being unmistakably that of the
nursery tale ; though some editors have supposed it to be the work of a
lawyer, and written merely to burlesque the legal forms of a will. It has
been edited by Moritz Haupt {Opusmla, ii. 178) ; and the text is printed by
Biicheler in his smaller edition of Petronius (Berlin, 1886). See Notes.

1.5

"M. Grunnius Corocotta^ porcellus testamentum fecit. Quo-
niam manii inea scribere non potui, scribendum dictavi.

"Magirus cocus dixit 'Veni hue,
eversor domi, solivertiator,- fugi-
tive porcelle, et hodie tibi dirimo
vitam.' Corocotta porcellus dixit:
' Si qua feci, si qua peccavi, si qua
vascella pedibus meis confregi,
rogo, domine coce, vitam peto,
concede roganti.' Magirus cocus
dixit 'Transi, puer, affer mihi de
cocina cultrum, ut hunc porcellum
faciam cruentum.' Porcellus com-
prehenditur a famulis, ductus sub
ubi abundant cymae,^ Clibanato et
ut vidit se moriturum esse, horae

CUTLER S SHOP.

die XVI Kal. Lucerninas,^

Piperato^ consulibus. Et

spatium petiit et cocum rogavit ut testamentum facere posset.

Clamavit ad se suos parentes, ut de cibariis^ suis aliquid dimit-

teret eis. Qui ait :

1 Marcus Grunter Pigskin. ^ devastator of the earth, i.e. rooter,
light. * young cabbages. ^ Pott and Pepper. ^ provisions.

173

3 the Kalends of Candle-

LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OK A LIITLK I'K;.

173

"'Patri meo, Verriiio Lardiiio/ do lego dari- glandis'^ modios 20
XXX, et matri ineae Veturinae Scrofae do lego dari Laconicae
siliginis modios XL, et sorori meae Quirrinae* in cuius votum^
iiiteresse iion potui, do lego dari hordei^ modios XXX. Et de
meis visceribus dabo domibo sutoribus saetas/ rixoribus capiti-
nam,*^ surdis auriculas, causidicis et verbosis linguam, bubulariis 25
intestina, isiciariis^ femora, pueris vesicam,^*^ puellis caudam,

cursoribus et venatoribus talos,"
latronibus ungulas.^^ Et nee
nominando coco legato dimitto
popiam^^ et pistillum quae me-
cum attuleram de Tebeste usque
ad Tergeste : liget sibi collum
de reste.^"* Et volo mihi fieri
monumentum aureis litteris scrip-
turn : ^' M. GRUNNTUS COROCOTTA

SACRIFICE OF A PIG.

PORCELLUS VIXIT ANNIS DCCCC •
XC • Villi • S^^« QUOD SI SEMISSEM
VIXISSET, MILLE ANNOS IMPLES-

SET." Optimi amatores mei vel consules vitae, rogo vos ut cum
corpore meo bene faciatis, bene condiatis de bonis condimentis
nuclei,^^ piperis, et mellis, ut nomen meum in sempiternum
nominetur. Mei domini vel consobrini^' mei, qui in medio
testamento interfuistis, iubete signari.'

"Lardio^^ signavit. Ofellicus^^ signavit. Cyminatus^'^ signa-
vit. Lucanicus-^ signavit. Tergillus^ signavit. Celsinus sig-
navit. Nuptialicus signavit.

"Explicit.^ testamentum porcelli sub die XVI Kal. Lucer-
ninas Clibanato et Piperato consulibus feliciter."

* Boarleigh Bacon.

■^ bristles. ^ headpiece,
rope.

15 and a half.

I give and bequeath. 3 acorns. * Peggy. ^ wedding. ^ barley.
sausage makers, lo bladder. ^^ knuckle-bones. 12 hoofs. ^3 ladle,
nuimeg. ^^ cousins. " Bacon. " Cutlet. 20 Kraut. 21 Mincer.

22 Flitch. 23 = expUcitum.

XXVIII. AULUS GELLIUS.

Aulus Gellius, a writer of miscellanies who flourished in the second cen-
tury A.D,, was probably of Roman birth, though little is known of his life,
except that he spent some time at Athens pursuing various studies, the results
of which are embodied in his only work, entitled Noctes Atticae, in twenty
books, of which the eighth is lost except the chapter-headings. The Noctes
Atticae is a great scrap-book consisting of unrelated extracts from Roman
and Greek authors, especially archaic writers, with his own comments. The
importance of the collection "s in the light it often throws on questions of
history, grammar, antiquities, and literature, and in its preservation of quota-
tions from Greek and Roman authors whose works have perished. The chief
edition of this text is that by Hertz, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1883-5). There is a poor
translation into English by Beloe (London, 1799).

A Womaii Hater, (i. n.)

Verba ex oratione Metelli Numidici, quam dixit in censurai ad populum, cum
eum ad uxores ducendas'^ adhortaretur ; eaque oratio quam ob causam repre-
hensa et quo modo defensa sit.

Multis et eruditis viris audientibus legebatur oratio Metelli
Numidici, gravis ac diserti viri, quam in censura dixit ad popu-
lum de ducendis uxoribus, cum eum ad matrimonia capessenda ^
liortaretur. In ea oratione ita scriptum fuit: si sine uxore
5 [vivere] possemus. "Quirites, omni ea molestia careremus ; sed
quoniam ita natura tradidit, ut nee cum illis satis commode, nee
sine illis uUo modo vivi possit, saluti perpetuae potius quam
brevi voluptate consulendum est."

Videbatur quibusdam, Q. Metellum censorem, cui consilium

10 esset ad uxores ducendas populum liortari, non oportuisse de

molestia incommodisque perpetuis rei uxoriae confiteri, neque id

hortari magis esse quam dissuadere absterrereque ; set contra in

id potius orationem debuisse sumi dicebant, ut et nullas plerum-

^ ceusurship. - uiarrying. •* euter upou.

174

SOCRATES AND XANTHIPPE. 175

(|ue esse in iiiatriiiioniis molestias adseveraret et, si quae tauieii
accidere nonniiiuqiiain videreutur, parvas et leves facilesque esse 15
toleratu diceret maioribusque eas eniolumeiitis et voluptatibus
oblitterari easdemque ipsas neque omnibus neque naturae vitio,
sed quorundam niaritorum culpa et iniustitia evenire. Titus
autem Castricius recte atque condigne Metellum esse locutuni
existimabat. " Aliter," inquit, " censor loqui debet, aliter rhetor. l'O
Rhetori concessum est, sententiis uti falsis, audacibus, versutis,^
subdolis,^ captiosis,^ si veri modo similes sint et possint movendos
hominum animos qualicumque astu ^ inrepere.^ " Praeterea turpe
esse ait rhetori, si quid in mala causa destitutum atque inpro-
pugnatum relinquat. "Sed enim Metellum," inquit, "sanctum 2o
virum, ilia gravitate et fide praeditum cum tanta honorum atque
vitae dignitate apud populum Romanum loquentem, nihil decuit
aliud dicere quam quod verum esse sibi atque omnibus videbatur,
praesertim cum super ea re diceret, quae cotidiana intellegentia
et communi pervolgatoque vitae usu comprenderetur. De molestia ;%
igitur cunctis hominibus notissima confessus fidem ^ sedulitatis "^
veritatisque commeritus, tum denique facile et procliviter, quod
fuit rerum omnium validissimum atque verissimum, persuasit,
civitatem salvam esse sine matrimoniorum frequentia non posse."

Socrates and Xanthippe, (i. 17.)

Quanta cum animi aequitate toleraverit Socrates uxoris ingenium intractabile
atque inibi, quid M. Varro in quadam satura de officio mariti scripserit.

Xanthippe, Socratis philosophi uxor, morosa admodum fuisse
fertur et iurgiosa,^ irarumque et molestiarum muliebrium per
diem perque noctem scatebat.^ Has eius intemperies in mari-
tum Alcibiades demiratus, interrogavit Socraten, quaenam ratio

subtle. 2 cunning. 3 sophistical. * craft. ^ steal into. « authority. ^ earnestness.

* suDue. * cunning. ■» sopnisucai.
* quarrelsome. ^ overflowed, was full of

176

GELLIUS.

5 esset, cur mulierem tarn acerbam domo non exigeret. " Quo-
niam/' inquit Socrates, '^cum illam domi talem perpetior, insu-
esco et exerceor, ut ceterorum quoqiie foris petulantiam et
iniuriam facilius feram."

Secundum hanc sententiam quoque Varro in satura Menippea,

10 quam de officio mariti scripsit " Vitium," inquit, " uxoris aut
tollendum aut ferendum est. Qui tollit vitium, uxorera commo-
diorem praestat, qui fert sese meliorem facit." Haec verba
Varronis " tollere " et " ferre " lepide ^ quidem composita sunt,
sed "tollere '' apparet dictum pro " corrigere." Id etiam apparet,

15 eius modi vitium uxoris, si corrigi non possit, ferendum esse
Varronem censuisse, quod ferri scilicet a viro honeste ; vitia
enim flagitiis leviora sunt.

The Ring Finger, (x. 10.)

Quae eius rei causa sit, quod et Graeci veteres et Romani anulum hoc digito
gestaverint, qui est in manu sinistra minimo proximus.

Veteres Graecos anulum liabuisse in digito
accepimus sinistrae manus, qui minimo est
proximus. Eomanos quoque homines aiunt sic
plerumque anulis usitatos. Causam esse huius
rei Apion in libris Aegyptiacis hanc dicit, quod
insectis apertisque humanis corporibus, ut mos
in Aegypto fuit, quas Graeci "dvaTo/xas appel-
lant, repertum est, nervum quendam tenuissimum
ab eo uno digito, de quo diximus, ad cor honiinis
10 pergere ac pervenire ; propterea non iiiscitum ^
visum esse, eum potissimum digitum tali honore
decorandum, qui continens et quasi conexus esse
cum principatu cordis videretur. anulus.

^ sillv.

SOME SUPERSTITIONS. 177

Some Sxiperstitions. (x. 12.)

De portentis fabularum, (iiiae Plinius Secundus indignissime in Deiuocritum
philosophum coiifert,i et ibidem de simulacro volucri columbae.

Librum esse Democriti, nobilissimi philosophorum, de vi et
iiatura chamaeleontis eumque se legisse Plinius Secundus in
naturalis historiae vicesimo octavo refert, multaque vana atque
intoleranda auribus deinde quasi a Democrito scripta trad it, ex
quibus pauca haec inviti meminimus, quia pertaesum^ est: 5
accipitrem avium rapidissimum a clianiaeleonte Immi reptante,
si eum forte supervolet, detralii et cadere vi quadam in terram
ceterisque avibus laniandum sponte sua obiicere sese et dedere.
Item aliud ultra humanam lidem : caput et collum chamaeleontis
si uratur ligno, quod appellatur "robur," imbres et tonitrus fieri 10
derepente, idque ipsum usu venire, si iecur eiusdem animalis in
sum mis tegulis uratur. Item aliud, quod hercle an ponerem
dubitavi, ita est deridiculae vanitatis, nisi idcirco plane posui,
quod oportuit nos dicere, quid de istius modi admirationum fallaci
inlecebra sentiremus, qua plerumque capiuntur et ad perniciem 15
elabuntur ingenia maxime soUertia, eaque potissimum, quae
discendi cupidiora sunt. Sed redeo ad Plinium. Sinistrum
pedem ait chamaeleontis ferro ex igni calefacto torreri cum
herba, quae appellatur eodem nomine chamaeleontis, et utrumque
macerari^ unguento conligique in modum pastilli^ atque in vas^ 20
mitti ligneum et eum, qui id vas ferat, etiamsi is in medio palam
versetur, a nullo videri posse.

His portentis atque praestigiis a Plinio Secundo scriptis non
dignum esse cognomen Democriti puto ; vel illud quale est, quod
idem Plinius in decimo libro Democritum scripsisse adseverat, 25
aves quasdam esse certis vocabulis et earum avium confuso
sanguine gigni serpentem; eum qui ederit linguas avium et
conloquia interpretaturum.

1 attributes. ^ wearied, disgusted (impers.). ^ steeped. * lozenge, roll. ^ vessel, box.

TtOM. LIFE 12

178 GELLIUS.

Multa autem videntur ab hominibus istis male sollertibus ^
30 huiuscemodi commenta^ in Democriti nomen data, nobilitatis
auctoritatisque eiiis perfugio utentibus. Sed id, quod Archytam
Pythagoricum commentum esse atque fecisse traditur, neque
minus admirabile neque tamen vanum aeque videri debet. Nam
et plerique nobilium Graecorum et Favorinus philosophus, memo-
35 riarum veterum exsequentissimus, affirmatissime scripserunt,
simulacrum columbae e ligno ab Archyta ratione quadam dis-
ciplinaque mechanica factum volasse ; ita erat scilicet libramentis
suspensum et aura spiritus inclusa atque occulta concitum.

Milo^s Strange Death, (xv. 16.)

De novo genere interitus Crotoniensis Milonis.

Milo Crotoniensis, athleta inlustris, quem in chronicis scrip-
tum est Olympiade LXII primum coronatum esse, exitum habuit
e vita miserandum et mirandum. Cum iam natu grandis artem
athleticam desisset iterque faceret forte solus in locis Italiae

5 silvestribus, quercum vidit proxime viam patulis in parte media
rimis hiantem.^ Tum experiri, credo, etiam tunc volens, an
ullae sibi reliquae vires adessent, inmissis in cavernas arboris
digitis, diducere et rescindere quercum conatus est. Ac mediam
quidem (partem) discidit divellitque; quercus autem in duas

10 diducta partes, cum ille, quasi perfecto quod erat conixus, manus
laxasset, cessante vi rediit in naturam manibusque eius retentis
inclusisque stricta denuo * et cohaesa, dilacerandum hominem f eris
praebuit.

The Story of Arion. (xvi. 19.)

Sumpta historia ex Herodoti libro super Micine^ Arione.

Celeri admodum et cohibiti oratione vocumque filo ^ tereti ' et
candido^ fabulam scripsit Herodotus super lidicine illo Arione.

* skilled. 2 Actions. s gaping. * back again. ^ jute-player. ^ gtyie. 7 polished. » clear.

THE STORY OF ARION. 179

"Vetus" inqiiit, "et nobilis Arion cantator ' tidibus ^ fuit. Is
loco et oppido Methymiiaeus, terra atque insula omni Lesbius
fuit. Eum Arionem rex Coriiithi Periander amicum amatumque r>
habuit artis gratia. Is inde a rege proficiscatur, terras inclutas^
Sicilian! atque Italiam visere. Ubi eo venit auresque omnium
mentesque in utriusque terrae urbibus demulsit/ in quaestibus
istic et voluptatibus amoribusque hominum fuit. Is tum post
ea grandi pecunia et re bona multa copiosus Corinthum instituit lo
redire, navem igitur et navitas, ut notiores amicioresque sibi,
Corinthios delegit." Sed eos Corinthios, homine accepto navique
in altum provecta praedae pecuniaeque cupidos, cepisse consilium
de necando Arione. Tum ilium ibi, pernicie intellecta, pecuniam
ceteraque sua, ut haberent, dedisse, vitam modo sibi ut parcerent, 15
oravisse.. Navitas precum eius harum commiseritum esse illac-
tenus,^ ut ei necem adferre per vim suis manibus temperarent/
sed imperavisse, ut iam statim coram desiliret praeceps in mare.
" Homo " inquit " ibi territus, spe omni vitae perdita, id unum
postea oravit, ut, priusquam mortem obpeteret, induere ^ permit- 20
terent sua sibi omnia indumenta^ et fides capere et canere
carmen casus illius sui consolabile. Feros et inmanes navitas
prolubium^ tamen audiendi sub it; quod oraverat, impetrat.
Atque ibi mox de more cinctus, amictus ornatus stansque in
summae puppis foro/° carmen, quod "orthium" dicitur, voce 25
sublatissima cantavit. Ad postrema cantus cum fidibus ornatuque
omni, sicut stabat canebatque, iecit sese procul in profundum.
Navitae, hautquaquam dubitantes, quin perisset, cursum, quern
facere coeperant, tenuerunt. Sed novum et mirum et pium
f acinus contigit." Delphinum repente inter undas adnavisse 30
fluitantique ^^ esse homini subdidisse et dorso super fluctus edito
vectavisse incolumique eum corpore et ornatu Taenarum in terram
Laconicam devexisse. Tum Arionem prorsus ex eo loco Cor-

1 musician. 2 jute. 3 renowned. * charm. ^ =in so far. '^ refrain. ^ put on. » garments.
^ Inclination. '^ gangwaj-. " floating.

180 GELLIUS.

intlium petivisse talemque Periand.ro regi, qualis delphino vectus

o5 fuerat, inopinanti sese optulisse eique rem, sicuti acciderat,

narravisse. Regem istaec parum credidisse, Arionem, quasi

falleret, custodiri iussisse, navitas iiiquisitos, ablegate^ Arione,

dissinmlanter iiiterrogasse, ecqiiid audissent in his locis, unde

venissent, super Arione? eos dixisse, hominem, cum inde irent,

io in terra Italia fuisse eumque illic bene agitare et studiis delecta-

tionibusque urbium florere atque in gratia pecuniaque magna

opulentum fortunatumque esse. Tum inter haec eorum verba

Arionem cum fidibus et indumentis, cum quibus se in salum

eiaculaverat, extitisse, navitas stupefactos convictosque ire infi-

45 tias ^ non quisse. Eam fabulam dicere Lesbios et Corinthios

atque esse fabulae argumentum, quod simulacra duo aenea ad

Taenarum viserentur, delphinus vehens et homo insidens.

1 removed. - ire infitias = deny.

XXTX. EAELY CHRISTIAN HYMNS.

'J'he Latin hymns of the early
Christian Cliurcli are interesting as
literary compositions and also for
their metrical structure, as showing
a reversion to the older system of
verse in which accent and rhyme
prevail instead of syllabic quantity.
Such had always been the case with
the purely popular poetry of the Ro-
mans, with whom the elaborate sys-
tem of prosody found in classical
literature was always an artificial
thing ; and so it was natural that
the hymns of the early Church, being
written for the people, should dis-
play the same characteristics as are
found in the folk -verse. No hymns of
which the authors' names are known
are found earlier than the first part
of the fourth century, after which
time St, Hilary and St. Ambrose led
the way in this species of composi-
tion, in which they were followed
by Prudentius (350-410), Sedulius,
about the same time, Venantius Fortunatus (530-609), Gregory the Great
(540-604), the Venerable Bede (673-735), and many others.

Of the three specimens given here, the first is by St. Ambrose (340-397), who
was chosen Bishop of Milan in 374. The second, the immortal Dies Irae, is of
unknown authorship and uncertain date, though it has often been ascribed to
the Franciscan, Thomas of «Celano. The third is by St. Bernard.

For a good account of the Latin hymns, with sketches of the best known Latin
hymn-writers, reference may be made to Archbishop Trench's Sacred Latin
Poetry (London, 1874), and to Duffield's Latin Hymn Writers (New York,
1888). A fine collection of Latin hymns is that by Cardinal Newman, Carmina
Ecclesiae (London, 1876); as also that of the German scholar, Mone, Hymni
Latini, 3 vols. (1853-55). Considerable information on special points is to be
found in Julian's Dictionary of Hymnology TNew York, 1888). For further
discussion see the Notes.

181

CHAMBER IN THE ROMAN CATACOMBS.

182 EARLY CHRISTIAN HYMNS.

Veni, redemptor gentium,
Ostende partum Virginis ;
Miretur omne saeculum :
Talis decet partus Deum.

Non ex virili semine,
Sed mystico spiramine,
Verbum Dei factum est caro,
Fructusque ventris floruit.

Procedit, e thalamo suo,
Pudoris ^ aula regia,
Geminae gigas substantiae,
Alacris ut currat viam.

Egressus eius a Patre,
Regressus eius ad Patrem,
Excursus usque ad inferos,
Recursus ad sedem Dei.

Aequalis aeterno Patri,
Carnis tropaeo cingere,
Infirma nostra corporis
2u Virtute firmans perpeti.

Praesepe - iam fulget tuum,
Lumenque nox spirat novum,
Quod nulla nox interpolet
Fideque iugi luceat.

1 modesty. - home.

EARLY CHRISTIAN HYMNS. 183

II.

Dies irae, dies ilia
Solvet saeclum in favilla/
Teste David cum Sibylla.

Quantus tremor est futurus,

Quando ludex est venturus, 5

Cuncta stricte discussurus !

Tuba, mirum spar gens sonum
Per sepulcra regionum,
Coget omnes ante thronum.

Mors stupebit et natura lo

Cum resurget creatura,
Indicant i responsura.

Liber scriptus proferetur,
In quo totum continetur,
De quo mundus iudicetur. 15

Index ergo cum sedebit,
Quid quid latet apparebit,
Nil inultum remanebit.

Quid sum, miser, tum dicturus

Quem patronum rogaturns, 20

Cum vix iustus sit securus ?

Rex tremendae maiestatis
Qui salvandos salvas gratis,
Salva me, fons pietatis !

1 cirder.

184 EARLY CHRISTIAN HYMNS.

25 Recordare, lesu pie,

Quod sum causa tuae viae ;
Ne me perdas ilia die !

Quaerens me sedisti lassus,
Eedemisti crucem passus ;
30 Tantus labor non sit cassus ! ^

luste ludex ultionis,
Donum fac remissionis,
Ante diem rationis.^

Tngemisco ^ tanquam reus,
35 Culpa rubet vultus meus ;

Supplicanti parce, Deus !

Qui Mariam absolvisti,
Et latronem exaudisti,
Mihi quoqiie spem dedisti.

40 Preces meae non sunt dignae,

Sed tu bonus fac benigne
Ne perenni cremer"* igne !

Inter oves locum praesta,
Et ab liaedis ^ me sequestra,
45 Statuens in parte dextra.

Confutatis maledictis,
Elammis acribus addictis,
Voca me cum benedictis.

Oro supplex et acclinis,^
50 Cor contritum quasi cinis,

Gere curam mei finis.

1 wasted. 2 reckoning. 3 bewail. * l)urn. ^ goats. « bending toward thee.

EAKLY CHRISTIAN HYMNS. 185

III.

Ut iiicundas cervus ' imdas
Aestuans desiderat,
Sic ad riviim Dei vivum
Mens fidelis properat.

Sicut I'ivi fontis vivi 5

Praebent refrigerium,^
Ita menti sitienti
Deus est remedium.

Quantis bonis superponis^

Sanctos tuos, Domine : 10

Sese laedit, qui recedit

Ab aeterno lumine.

Vitam laetam et quietam

Qui te quaerit, reperit;

Nam laborem et dolorem 15

Metit,'* qui te deserit.

Pacem donas, et coronas

His qui tibi militant ;

Cuncta laeta sine meta-^

His qui tecum habitant 20

stag. 2 refreshment. ^ endow. * reaps. " end.

SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING.

The following works will be found especially useful as collateral and supple-
mentary reading : —

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Kelsey. Fifty Topics in Roman Antiquities, with References. Boston, 1891.

[A judicious and suggestive sjdlabus of the subject of Roman life, with a list of the most
accessible books of reference.]

LANGUAGE.

Allen. Remnants of Early Latin. Boston, 1880.

[A convenient collection of specimens of the earliest remains of Latin, from non-literary
sources, with good notes, and a short introduction.]

Harrington and Tolman. Early Latin Fragments. (In Preparation.)

[To be published in 1895 by American Book Company.]

Egbert. Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions. (In Press.)
[To be published in 1895 by American Book Company.]

Merry. Selected Fragments of Roman Poetry. Oxford, 1891.

[A representative selection from existing fragments of the epic, dramatic, and satiric
poets, from the earliest times to the Augustan Age.]

HISTORY.

Shuckburgh. a History of Rome to the Battle of Actium. London and
New York, 1894.

[An interesting narrative of Roman history, based upon the most recent investigations.]

Bury. A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of
IMarcus Aurelius (b.c. 27-a.d. 180). London and New York, 1893.

[This work takes up the story of Rome at the point where Mr. Shuckburgh leaves it.
The book is admirably written, in accordance with the best authorities, and contains some
special chapters on the development of Roman literature and the various phases of Roman life.]

186

SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING. 187

Baring-Gould. The Tragedy of the Caesars. 2 vols. London, 1892.

[A suggestive account of the personality of the first six Caesars, written with considerable
freshness and originality. The text is sumptuously illustrated with reproductions of the most
famous likenesses of the emperors and their immediate associates.]

LITERATURE.

Teuffel, Schwabe, and Wakr. A History of Roman Literature. 2 vols.
London, 1891-92.

[A work essentially for reference, rather than for reading. It is indispensable to the
advanced student of Latin ; giving a minute account of the original sources of information
regarding the writers of Latin literature, and a very complete bibliography of all standard
works, especially the German, including monographs, dissertations, and programmes.]

Cruttwell. a History of Roman Literature from the Earliest Period to the
Death of Marcus Aurelius. London and New York, 1886.

[A very pleasantly written account of Latin literature, with some interesting paragraphs
on the language. It is probably better adapted to excite the interest of the student than any
work of the kind in English, and is independently written from the author's own standpoint.]

ROMAN LIFE AND CUSTOMS.

Friedlander. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von
August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1888-90.

[A treasure-house of information about the details of Roman life, Roman society, usage,
and custom, \vith references to the sources from which this knowledge is drawn.]

Preston and Dodge. The Private Life of the Romans. New York and Bos-
ton, 1894.

[A popular account of the subject, drawn from good authorities, and written in an
interesting style. The text is illustrated by a number of cuts.]

Inge. Society in Rome under the Caesars. London and New York, 1888.

[This little book was originally written as an essay, in competition for the Hare Prize at
the University of Cambridge. "While making no pretensions to originaUty, it is a well-written
and convenient condensation of the facts set forth in more elaborate works, and will be found
accurate and instructive.]

Dyer. Pompeii: Its History, Buildings, and Antiquities. New edition. Lon-
don, 1875.

[So many problems of archaeology are solved by the discoveries at Pompeii as to make
the records of this buried city of extreme interest to every student of Roman life. This work
in a single volume gives a good account of the excavations prior to 1875, and is illustrated by
plans, maps, and cuts.]

188 SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING.

Lanciani. Ancient Rome in the Liglit of Recent Excavations. Boston and
New York, 1888.

[A most fascinating account of the city of Kome, with especial reference to the new light
that has been thrown upon its topography, architecture, history, and society, by excavations
made during the past twenty years. It is written with a wealth of special knowledge and a
charm of style that make it unique among works of archaeology. It is beautifully printed, and
is made especially interesting by its carefully selected illustrations, one hundred in number.]

GuHL AND KoNER. The Life of the Greeks and Romans. Last edition of the
English translation. New York, 1878.

[An account of Greek and Eoman life as illustrated by the external objects that have been
preserved to modern times. A great many cuts and diagrams give additional value to the text.
A new German edition of this standard work appeared in 1893.]

Lecky. a History of European Morals. Vol. I. Ne'v York and London, 1884.

[A work of unusual power and value, written with great charm of style, and dealing with
its subject in a scientilic and philosophical spirit. A vast amount of minute and curious knowl-
edge is embodied in its pages ; and the foot-notes supplement the text with references and
quotations of much interest to the student.]

NOTES.

I. POPULAR SONGS, CHARMS, ETC.

Page 13. lalla. A natural sound made in soothing children. It is the same as
the Swedish lulla, " to hum," and its elements occur in the English lull, lullaby,
and in the historical nickname Lollards applied to the followers of Wyclif,
originally meaning "the droners," or "chanters" (Skeat). So the Germans
call the vocabulary of the nursery Lallworter. The word is not here the impera-
tive of lallo^ " to babble " (Gk. \a\eiv), but only a soothing sound formed from
the repetition of the syllables la, la, la.

lacta. " Take your milk."

Terra pestem teneto. From Varro's treatise De He Bustica, i. 2. 27, where
it is quoted. The person using this charm is to sing it over twenty-seven times,
to touch the ground, and to spit, — spitting being regarded by the Romans as
having some special medical virtue. Thus epilepsy is cured by spitting on the
patient (Plant. Capt. iii. 4. 23 ; Pliny, H. N. x. 23. 33 and xxviii. 4. 7). Compare
Christ's cure of the blind man in the Gospel of St. John ix. 6.

Habeat scabiem, etc. Reconstructed by L. MUller from the scholiast Por-
phyrio on Horace, Ars Poetica, 417. It is the Roman equivalent of the modern
"Devil take the hindmost." The goal -post which marks the end of the race is
supposed to be the speaker of the line.

Huat hanat huat. Probably mere gibberish, like the famous " Hocus pocus
tontus talontus " of the mediaeval jugglers, though like that it may have been
corrupted from an actual formula. Many of the old liturgies used by the Roman
priests had become so twisted out of their original sound as to be unintelligible
even to those who used them in their rites (Quintil. i. 6. 40). This particular
cautio, or charm, is quoted by Cato in his agricultural treatise, 160.

14. Hiberno pulvere, etc. An old saw quoted by Festus, p. 93. It is like
"A green Christmas makes a fat churchyard," and "A dirty spring makes a
golden harvest," etc.

camille. The camilli were boys employed in religious rites and services,
especially by the Flamen Dialis and at Roman marriages, something like the
acolytes of the Roman Catholic Church. The word, which is a very old one, is

189

190 l^OTES. [Page 14.

of uncertain etymology. See Hartung, Die Religion der Bomer^ i., p. 157 ; ii.,
p. 71.

Quod habes ne habeas, etc. From Plautus, Trinum^nus, 350, where it is
given as a popular gibe against misers, and dog-in-tlie-mangers generally.

pote. Sc. est.

bene esse. " To have a good time." Colloquial expression.

Heia, viri, etc. A boating song, of uncertain age, found in a Berlin MS. of
the eighth century. There is frequent mention in the ancient writers of the
nauticus cantus (e.g. Cic. Nat. Dear. ii. 35) of boatmen at the oar; and the
practice of singing at work also appears to have been general. Thus Varro,
cited by Nonius (56), speaks of the vine-dressers singing at the vintage, and the
sarcinatrices in machiuis, which one would like to translate, "the seamstresses
over their sewing machines." For the spirited lines given here, see Bahrens,
Poet. Lat. Min. iii. 167, and Peiper in the Bheinisclies 31iiseum, xxxii. 523.

nostrum. Agreeing with the second heia, " our yoho."

vago pondere. " Their shifting mass."

corus. Also written caurus ; the argestes of the Greeks and the mistral of
modern Provence. The northwest wind. See Gell. ii. 22.

Dulois arnica veni, etc. This very .curious poem is found in MSS. of the
eleventh century, but in the main is probably of much older date. Goldast
ascribes it to a certain Albius Ovidius luventinus, but this personage appears to
be a sort of mediaeval Mrs. Harris, and the authorship is in reality quite
unknown. The Romans seem to have been greatly interested in the capacity
of the Latin language to imitate in its vocabulary the sounds made by the
various birds and beasts, and took pride in the number of expressive mimetic
words (onomatopoeias) which it possessed. In one of the works of Suetonius,
entitled Pratum (see p. 163), he brought together all these imitative verbs ; and
though the Pratum as a whole has not come down to us, this particular chapter
has been preserved, and may be found in Reifferscheid's collection of the frag-
ments of Suetonius (pp. 247-251). It is probable that the missing portions of
Varro's treatise, Dd Lingua Latina, contained a still earlier collection of the
same kind. Spartianus relates that the Emperor Geta used to get together the
teachers of language, and ask them to give him lists of these imitative words,
quoting from earlier writers their authority for using them (Spart. Geta, 5).
The subject of onomatopoeias is again taken up by Polemius Silvius, in the fifth
century, in his Laterculus ; showing that it possessed a continuous interest for
students of language. There are also two short poems of similar character, enti-
tled respectively De Voce Hominis Absona (Bahrens, Poet. Lat. Min. v., p. 368)
and De Philomela (id. ibid., pp. 368-370). It is reasonable, therefore, to suppose
that the poem given in our text is of earlier origin than the period to which its
oldest MS. is assigned, and that it is possibly based upon the chapters of Sueto-
nius. Its mediaeval modifications, however, are made evident by the single word

Fagks 14-i(i.J ^ NOTES. 191

drosca (line 11), which is not Latin, but German {throsca, droschel, drossel,
Eng. throstle, thrush), and which serves as a sort of ear-mark to show that the
poem was worked over in some German monastery.

The superior richness of the Latin in onomatopoeias, as compared with the
English, will be seen in attempting to translate the poem. For many of the Latin
verbs there are no English equivalents whatsoever. The poem has been edited by
Nodier in the Appendix to his Dictionnaire des Onomatopees Franqoises (2d ed.,
Paris, 1828), and by Lemaire in his Bibliotheca Classiea Latina, vol. cxl. See,
for criticism, comment, etc., Ebart, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mit-
telalters im Abendlande, vol. ii. ; Lowe, in the Bheinisches Museum, vol. xxxiv.,
pp. 493-496; Wackernagel, Voces Variae Animantium (Basel, 1869); and a paper
by H. T. Peck, on " Onomatopoetic Words in Latin," in the Classical Studies in
Honour of Henry Drisler, pp. 226-239 (New York and London, 1894) .

15, vocum discrimina. "Distinct sounds." So in line 47.
odis. Gk. (^dri.

glottorat. Another form is gloctorat. The word refers to the clattering of
the stork's. huge bill, and not, as Lewis and Short seem to think, to the bird's
voice. Compare Ovid, Met. vi. 97 :

Ipsa sibi plaudat crepitante ciconia rostro,

a passage which also refutes Mayor's explanation of crepitat in Juv. i. 116,
though, curiously enough, he quotes it in support of his own view.

ciconia. The stork's bill. Roman boys bent up their fingers in imitation of
this, as a gesture of mockery and contempt, much like the modern placing of the
thumb upon the nose and spreading the fingers. This gesture was called ciconia,
and is mentioned by Persius (i. 58) and by St. Jerome. Another gesture of
insult was the thrusting out of the middle finger (digitus infamis), for making
which sign at one of his officers the Emperor Caligula was assassinated.

pessimus et passer. "The sparrow, the rascal,"

chaere. The Greek salutation xa'P^» with which parrots were regularly
taught to greet those who entered the house (Pers. Prol. 8).

16. omne quod audit ait. So Ovid, Met. v. 299, Institerant ramis imi-
tantes omnia picae ; and Pers. Prol. 9.

panther amans, "The rutting panther." The more usual Latin form is
panthera. Pliny derived the word from irav + dvp, and explained it as given
because the characteristics of all beasts are found united in the panther. From
this popular etymology a number of curious fables arose, for which see Wright's
Popular Traditions in Science, p, 82.

pia . . , ovis. ' ' The faithful sheep. ' '

sordida, "Greedy."

rite. "As is their wont," "usually"; i.e. the dog makes a variety of
sounds, but barking is the most characteristic of them. Naturalists tell us

192 NOTES. . [Pages 16-18.

that the wild dog has only one or two notes as against the whine, whimper,
howl, yelp, and bark of the domesticated animal.

rana coaxat. Aristophanes, in his play, the Frogs, represents the frog's
croak by Kod^ ; and the Latin coaxo (also written quaxo) may be borrowed from
it. Cf. Fest., p. 288, MUll. From the Latin form is the French verb coasser.

I'll, Pessuli. The lover is supposed to stand outside the house of his mistress,
and adjure the bolts and bars to slip aside and let him in. Similar compositions
are common in Latin literature. Hor. Odes, iii. 10.

ludii barbari. Ludii (also ludiones) are acrobats. He wishes the bolts fairly
to leap from their sockets in their eagerness to let him.

nihili. Genitive of value.

mille, mille, mille. Sung by the soldiers of Aurelian. The verse is trochaic
tetrameter catalectic, but based on accent, and not on syllabic quantity. Thus
the penult of the words homo, hihat, and habet, is in each regarded as long
because the accent lengthens it, just as in English. See T. H. Key's chapter on
accent in his Language, its Origin and Development, p. 442 (London, 1874),
where he cites this passage. Another specimen is found in the verses of Hadrian
given on p. 171.

The repetition of the mille is a primitive trick of emphasis, like the children's
"ever and ever and ever so long ago." Cf. Dryden's "Fallen, fallen, fallen,
fallen, fallen from his high estate." This principle of repetition, as a device
for giving greater force to what is said, lies at the base of various figures of
rhetoric (anaphora, epizeuxis, epistrophe, symploce, epanalepsis, anadiplosis,
epanadiplosis, epanados, polyptoton, paregmenon, paronomasia, alliteration,
synonyma, parechesis, etc.), and explains reduplication and other forms of
dynamic change in the making of words.

II. TOMB INSCRIPTIONS.

18. The sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, of which an illustration is
given in the text, was found in the family tomb of the Scipios, on the Appian
Way, not far from the Porta Capena of Koman times, and was removed to the
Vatican Museum by Pope Pius VII. In it the bones of Scipio were found in
1780, in very good preservation. They were removed to Padua, and there
interred at the expense of a Venetian, Signor Quirini. The tomb itself is still
one of the sights of Rome, and is shown to visitors, who grope about its various
dark and dismal chambers by the light of a taper. The Scipio of the sar-
cophagus was consul in b.c. 298, and was the great-grandfather of Scipio Afri-
canus, who conquered Hannibal (b.c. 202). The inscription is in Saturnian
verse.

perlege. " Read it to the end."

I'AGits 18-21.] NOTES. 193

sepulcrum liau pulcrum pulcrae. A sort of parechesis, like Cicero's ple-
niore ore., fortunatam 7iatam, etc.

19. horunc, i.e. horum + ce.

incessu. Compare VergiPs famous vera incessu patuit dea {Aen. i. 405).

lanam fecit. Tiie spinning of wool was the typical occupation of a Roman
matron. The mater familias sat in the atrium of the house spinning among
her maids ; and so Lucretia, when Tarquin met her,

Dum vixi bibi libenter. A line that reminds one of honest lago's ditty : —

" And let me the canakiii clink, clink,
And let me the canakin clink :

A soldier's a man

And life's but a span, —
Why then let a soldier drink! "

Salvius et Eros dant. Salvius and Eros are the slaves or freedmen who
have caused the stone to be erected.

III. QUINTUS ENNIUS.

20. impudentes arioli. The ancient representatives of the ingenious per-
sons who in modern times advertise to impart (for a small sum) their knowledge
of a sure way to make a fortune, or who write books on "The Secret of Success."

monstrant viam. The blind are leaders of the blind.

dracumam. Lengthened form of draclimam, like Alcumena for Alcmena ;
mina for mna, etc. The drachma was worth about eighteen cents.

Haece locutus vocat. Aulus Gellius (xii. 4) cites these lines from the
eighth book of the Annales as giving an ideal picture of a true and loyal friend,
— the perfect type of an intimate. He adds that Lucius Aelius Stilo, Varro's
great teacher, used to say that Ennius had here drawn with accuracy a fine pic-
ture of himself. Notice the roughness of the hexameters in this passage and in
the speech of Pyrrhus given below, — the continual neglect of the final s {l(>cutu\
lassu\ rebu\ mahi\ doctu\ facundu\ contentiC , scitu\ commodu'')., the long
penult in deder'itis, the synizesis in eorundem, etc.

21. O Tite tute Tati, etc. The most famous alliterative line in Latin, as the
most famous alliteration in Greek is the line from the Oedipus Tyrannus of
Sophocles (line 371), in which Oedipus taunts the seer Tiresius with his blind-
ness : — ^ ,

TV(p\di TO, T WTtt t6u T€ VOVU TO, t' 6fJ.IJ.aT' Cl.

Curiously enough each involves the repetition of the letter t. The allitera-
tion in the line of Ennius, is, however, rather a childish and meaningless jingle.
Some writers have tried to trace a sort of principle in the choice of letters in
Latin alliterative lines. Thus Munro in his introduction to Lucretius thinks that

ROM. LIFE 1.3

194 NOTES. [Pages 21, 22.

the repetition of v is used to produce the effect of wailing (see in the present
volume, p. 34, line 67) ; that the repetition of j) conveys the idea of effort and
force, etc., but this seems rather fanciful. The earlier and later Roman vs^riters
are fond of alliteration, but those of the Augustan Age use it very sparingly.
See Ebrard, Alliteration in d. lat. Sprache (Bayreuth, 1882) ; Botticher, Be
Alliterationis apnd Bomanos Vi et Usu (Berlin, 1884) ; and Cruttwell, pp.
238, 239.

The Titus Tatius of the line is the Sabine king who undertook to avenge the
rape of the Sabine women. See p. 103.

Nee mi aunim posco. The Epirote King Pyrrhus, the Coeur de Lion of
antiquity, who waged war on the Romans from b.c. 280-275 in a spirit of knightly
adventure, is represented in these lines as refusing to accept money as a ransom
for the prisoners that he had taken, but as freely giving them up without a price.
The chivalrous and martial spirit of the king is finely indicated in the lines which
are given by Cicero in his De Offlciis, i. 12.

dederitis. This long penult is common in the older prosody. The general
tendency in the development of Latin prosody is toward the shortening of long
vowels ; i.e. toward lightness and grace. Thus Ennius has more long vowels
than Lucretius, and Lucretius than Vergil.

vitam cernamus. A sort of condensed expression for the more regular de
vita cernamus, ov pro vita cernamus. The accusative must be explained as an
accusative of specification.

Nemo me decoret. Twice quoted by Cicero {De Amicit. 20 ; Tusc. Disp. i.
15), who thinks it a fine and manly assertion by the poet of his own greatness,
like that of Horace in the famous ode beginning Exegi monumentum aere peren-
nius.

dacrumis. Older form of the more usual lacrimis (Gk. 5dKpv/xa).

IV. TITUS MACCIUS PLAUTUS.

22. Advorsum venire, etc. The stage setting shows the front of the house
of Philolaches. Philolaches, Philematium, and others are beginning a drinking-
bout (comissatio) , reclining upon couches in the Graeco-Roman fashion. Calli-
damates, who has been dining not wisely but too well elsewhere, enters with
unsteady steps, leaning upon Delphium, who directs his course as well as she can.

temperi. Adverbial form = tempore.

hem, tibi imperatum est. " There ! those are your orders."

illi. For illic, the latter being the stronger (deictic) form with the emphatic
suffix -ce.

comissatum. Supine, to denote purpose after a verb of motion. From
KUifxd^oj, " to revel," and not connected with committo.

Pages 22, 23.] NOTES. 1%

Philolachetem. This name is declined Philolaches, genitive, Philolache-
tis, or Fhilolachis. Cf. line 1. The proper names in Tlautus are usually in-
dicative of the characters who bear them, like those in Thackeray. Thus,
Philolaches, the spendthrift (0tX6s + \dxos from Xaxeiv) is "one fond of his
inheritance"; Callidamates, the lover of women, is "the one subdued by
beauty " (/cdWos + Bafx-dcj) ; Philematium, the loving mistress of Philolaches, is
" little kiss," " Kiisschen" ((pLX-qfidTiov). Notice that the names and scenes of
Roman comedies are Greek, it being forbidden to depict Roman personages on
the stage except in the dignified /a6w?ae praetextae, or historical dramas. Thus
Naevius, a contemporary of Plautus, was imprisoned and then exiled for the liber-
ties he took with leading statesmen like the Metelli. This fate is guardedly
mentioned with sympathy in the Ililes Gloriosus, 211 : —

Os columnatum poetae esse iuaudivi barbaro
Quel bini custodes semper totis horis occubant.

Actors (Jiistriones) and theatrical people generally received summary treat-
ment at Rome. The former were Greeks, freedmen, or slaves, and were legally
classed as infames, being coupled with gladiators and prostitutes. The praetor
might at any time have them whipped without a formal trial, and they often
suffered banishment. Nevertheless, as time went on, though their legal status
was little improved, they gained in social standing, and some of them, like
Aesopus, and Roscius the friend of Cicero, were universally respected and
esteemed. " Stars " like these received large sums for their services. Aesopus
left a fortune of 20,000,000 sesterces (f|800,000) ; and Roscius was paid at the
rate of 1000 denarii ($175) for each performance. (See Cic. Pro Boscio, 8,
§ 23; Macrobius, Sat. iii. 14.)

23. Ecquid. "At all."

moratus. From mos, mores.

licet. " You may."

Duce. Four verbs regularly omit the final e in the imperative, — die, duc^
fac, and /er, — but the fuller form is found in all except fer.

amabo. A colloquial expression like sis (si vis), sultis (si vuUis), etc.

ocellus . . . mel meum. Other familiar terms of endearment are melilla
(dimin. of mel), mea vita, anima, mens pullus passer ("my chick-sparrow"),
mea columba (" dovey "),passercwZa (dimin. of passer), anaticula ("duckey")
vitellus ("my little calf "), pullulus (" chickabiddy "), mus (" mousey," — also
curiously enough, a term of abuse, "you rat!" in Petron. 68), corculum
("sweetheart"), and a variety of similar epithets, — zoological, botanical, and
physiological.

sed et hoc, sc. bracchium. He has hold of her arm.

cedo. Emphatic imperative of dare : ce + da. The plural form is cette (ce +
date).

196 XOTES. [Pages 23-25.

Hem tene. "Come now ! hold on.'"

anime mi. Said to Philematium, by whose side he is reclining.

Accuba, i.e. on a couch by the table.

Quin. Qin + ne ; literally " how not." Ne is here the early negative = the
later non.

eumpse. Earlier and more logical accusative of ipse (is-\-pse). Afterward
the suffix pse was regarded as a part of the stem and the case-ending placed
after the whole.

24. Lusiteles. The name (Xveiv + tAt;), " one who pays his dues," fits the
character. Lusiteles is the good young man who never does anything wrong,
and who, as here, solemnly reckons up the profit and loss of every transaction
of life. The soliloquy put into his mouth in this passage, is, however, quite
Shakspearian.

simitu. " All at the same time " = simul.

expetessam. Present subjunctive of the intensive verb expetesso.

rei. "Business," "money-getting." Some one has wittily said that the
word res is a check signed in blank so that one may write into it any mean-
ing that he wishes.

reus. The defendant in a suit is reus ; the plaintiff, accusator.

rem. Here " case " ; a legal term.

25. cuppes. " Sweet-toothed." Cu2)pedia, and sweetmeats, dainties.
The Forum Cupedinis was the Huyler's of ancient Rome. (Varro, L. L.
V. 146.)

saviis. Savium is the old word for a kiss (^iXrjfia), and denotes the kiss of
passion ; osculum, the kiss of pure affection. After the time of Catullus (see
notes to p. 42), hasium is the usual word (French, baiser; Old Eng., buss).

si audes. Audeo contains the root of avidus, and hence the phrase si audes
(usually syncopated to sodes) is equivalent to si vis, — " won't you."

ille cuculus. ' ' That goose. ' '

fiat. "All right."

sumpti. As many as eighteen nouns of the fourth declension are occasionally
found with the genitive form of the second declension. Most of these are ver-
bal nouns, and the second declension genitive probably comes from confusion
with the neuter of the perfect participles used substantively.

nuntii, renuntii. " Messengers back and forth."

apage. "Begone." Gk. a7ra7e,

te nil utor. " I have no use for you."

Larem corona. Callicles is coming out of his house, and as he does so, turns
and calls out to his wife who is within, and invisible to the audience. As he
utters the fourth line, he shuts the door. The lm% or image of the household
god, in early Roman times stood in the front part of the house, — the atrium,
or general reception-room. Afterward, it was removed to the private apartments,

Pa(;es 25-27.] NOTES. 197

and even to the kitchen, lie tells his wife to put a garland upon the image, the
day being a festival of some sort.

26. edepol. Roman men swore by Hercules ; women, by Castor ; both
sexes, by Pollux. The form edepol is probably ah deus Pol. See Gellius, xi. 6.

ut valet. " How is her health ? " Ut here -—quo.

siquid mihi malist. " If I have any piece of bad luck."

victuraquest. " And she's going to live (forever)."

nupta sit . . . ducam. A woman is said nubere ; a man, ducere.

Vin conmutemus. " Would you like us to make a swap ? " Vin = visne.

faxo. Future perfect for fecero.

ne. Not the negative, but a particle of affirmation like the Greek vaL

nanctu's. From nanciscor, and = the more used nactus, the participle here
retaining the nasal of the present indicative.

nota mala res optumast. "Better to bear the evils that we have, than fly
to others that we know not of. ' '

hoc. The object of animum advorte, which taken together make a new verb
in sense.

V. CATO THE CENSOR.

27. vilici. The steward or overseer in charge of a villa rustica. Such a
villa had two courts, an outer and an inner. At the entrance to the outer court
the vilicus had his office, so as to watch the slaves as they went in and out.
Near by was the kitchen where the slaves gathered after the day's work was
over. Above both courts were the little sleeping-rooms (cellae) of the slaves;
and underground, in a kind of cellar, was the ergasUdum, or slave-prison, where
the refractory ones were punished by being kept in chains {vincti). The inner
court was occupied by the stables, cattle-pens, etc. (huhilia, equilia, ovilia). It
will be seen, therefore, that the villa rustica was a combination of farm-house,
slave-quarters, and stable. See Varro, Bes Bustica, i. 11-13 ; Columella, i. 4,
5 foil.

Feriae. The holidays of various sorts, especially the Feriae Sementivae or
Paganalia (at seed-time), the Compitalia (see below), and the vintage festival,
the Feriae Vindemiales, in October.

familia. The slave family; a noun cognate with famulus, "a servant," from
the Oscan famel.

gratiam referat. " Show his gratitude," " express his appreciation."

siet. An old optative form, originally esiet. Cf. the Greek dT)v (icrirjy, etc.).

exerceat. " Keep busy."

Compitalibus. The Compitalia, or Ludi Compitalicii, was an annual fes-
tival in honor of the Lares Compitales, or deities presiding over the cross-roads
{compita). On the occasion of this feast, all slaves were released from work,

198 NOTES. [Pages 27, 2&

and allowed to do as they pleased. After the time of Augustus, the Compitalia
were held twice a year (May 1 and Aug. 1), but in Cato's time, in the winter.
See Gellius (x. 24).

credat. " Give credit."

28. Duas aut tres familias. Here familiae has its modern sense. He is
not to be a general borrower or lender, but may have neighborly relations of
the sort with two or three families in the vicinity.

putet. The yevh putnre means originally "to prune," "clear away," i.e. of
vines, — a sense retained in the English "amputate" {amhi -\- putare) ; thus,
"to clear up," " arrange," "settle," applied to accounts ; lastly, and following
naturally from the preceding, "to reckon," "calculate," "think." It is a
good illustration of the process by which a word referring to a purely physical
action gradually takes on a metaphysical meaning.

politorem. " A farm laborer." This and the two preceding words refer to
hired workmen as opposed to slaves.

Parasitum. "Hanger-on."

scibit . . . dormibit. In early Latin the ending -ho as a future suffix is
found in all four conjugations. This future formation occurs only in Latin
and Keltic, and is one of the facts adduced by Schleicher to prove that at one
time there was a Latino- Keltic period; i.e. that the Latin and Keltic branches
of the Indo-European family were still united after the Hellenic and other kindred
peoples had separated from them. See Schleicher in the Bheinisches Museum for
1859. All this, however, belongs to the ancient history of linguistics.

cubitum. Supine.

modios. The modius was closely equivalent to the English peck, contained
sixteen sextarii or pints.

conpeditis. " To the chain-gang."

P. IIII. Pondo quattuor, — pondo being an indeclinable noun regularly used
with numerals. It was originally the ablative of a second-declension noun,
pondus, and meant "by weight," " by the pound."

ficos esse coeperint. Esse is here edere.

congios. The congms was about six pints English.

II S. i.e. duos et semissem, "two and a half." In Vitruvius and other
writers, semis is usually indeclinable.

Saturnalibus. A famous Roman festival in honor of Saturn, held in the
latter part of December. In city and country alike, it was a season of absolute
relaxation and mirth, resembling in many respects the carnival of modern Italy,
while some of its usages survive in our Christmas customs. It was, for slaves
especially, a season of merriment, for they were excused from all ordinary labor,
allowed to wear the liberty cap, to speak with entire freedom, and according to
some Roman writers were treated to a banquet at which they wore their masters'
clothes, and were even waited on by them.

Pages 28-30.] NOTES. 199

summa viiii. '' The whole amount of wine."

proportione. "Proportionally," i.e. to the severity of the labor assigned
them.

Oleae caducae. Olives that fell to the ground ; opposed to oleae tempcs-
tivae, those that duly ripen and are picked.

29. hallecem et acetum. The brine and vinegar in which the olives have
been kept.

S. I. i.e. sextarium unum., "one pint."

P. Ill S. Of three and a half pounds of wool.

centones. Garments composed of patchwork. Hence arose the literary
term cento, applied to a poem made up of lines and half lines of other poems
pieced together, — a species of literary work in which many dilettcUite engaged
during the decline of classical literature. Homer and Vergil furnished the
greatest amount of material for these mosaics (Homer ocentones, Vergiliocen-
tones). Thus, there is a poem of 2343 verses on the life of Christ, wholly com-
posed of bits from Homer dovetailed together, and traditionally ascribed to the
Empress Eudocia. Another, on the passion of Christ, is from Euripides, and
consists of 2610 verses. From Vergil was drawn the sacred history by Proba
Faltonia (in the fourth century a.d.), and a tragedy called Medea, the work of
Hosidius Geta, of the second or third centuries a.d. Other specimens will be
found in the fourth volume of the Poetae Lat. 3Iinores. See Borgen, De Cen-
tonihus Homericis et Vergilianis (Copenhagen, 1828) ; Hasenbalg, De Centoni-
hiis Vergilianis (Putbus, 1846) ; Delapierre, Ouvrages Ecrits en Centons (Lon-
don, 1868) ; id. Tableau de la Litterature du Centon (London, 1875).

The passage from Cato shows on the whole a spirit of justice and, in a way,
of kindness, toward the slave. He must do his full share of work, but he is to
be properly cared for, with no indulgence, to be sure, but with no unnecessary
severity. Yet the spirit after all is that of Varro's striking phrase in which he
calls the slave instrumentum vocale, — a mere utensil which happens to be able
to speak. There is not a word that ranks him higher than the cattle, — " some-
thing better than his dog, a little dearer than his horse." On slavery among the
ancients, see Gurowski, Slaver]) in History (New York, 1860) ; and Wallon, His-
toire de V Esclavage dans VAntiquite (Paris, 1879).

VL TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS.

30. Nil igitur mors est. Lucretius thinks that as death is utter annihila-
tion of our own personality, it can bring us no evil of any kind, being merely
the negation of everything. Epicurus, the philosophic master of Lucretius, con-
densed this argument into an epigram. " The thought of death need not trouble
us ; for where we are, death is not ; and where death is, we are not." See Ritter,

200 NOTES. [Pages 30, 31.

Hist, of Ancient Philosophy, iv. 87 ; and Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Skep-
tics., ch. 17.

ad nos neque pertinet hilum. " And concerns us not a whit."

aegri. Genitive after nil.

fuere. The subject is homines, to be supplied.

utrorum. i.e. the Carthaginians or tlie Romans. " Men were uncertain to
the dominion of wliich one of the two all human possessions were to fall."

cadendum . . . esset. Impersonal, the agent being expressed by the dative
omnibus humanis.

ubi non erimus. " When we shall cease to exist." Nothing concerned us
before we came into being, and so nothing will concern us after we cease to be.

omnino. "At all."

31. nostro de corpore. To be taken with distractast.

comptu. A word found only here.

Pertineat. The nee in line 18 modifies this verb.

retinentia. i.e. the matter of which we are now composed may again unite
and form another similar human being, but as the identity has been lost, and
the chain of conscious continuity has been broken, the new being will have no
kinship to its predecessor.

de nobis. " So far as we are concerned." de illis. " So far as they are
concerned."

cum respicias. " Whenever you consider."

semina. The seeds of things; "atoms." Other expressions of Lucretius
for the atoms are elementa {prima) ., primordia, corpora prima., genitalia corpora,
exordia rerum, etc.

ut nunc sum. ut = in quo. " That these same atoms of which we are now
composed were formerly arranged in the same position as they are now."

inter enim iectast. Tmesis for interiecta. Tmesis is more and more fre-
quent the nearer one gets to the primitive stages of both Greek and Latin,
because one is thus getting nearer to the period of those languages when the
prepositions were adverbs. Ennius even separates compound nouns into their
original elements : e.g. saxo cere comminuit brum {cerebrum comminuit) ; and
Massili portabant luvenes ad litora tanas {Massilitanas) .

vitai pausa. " A cessation of life."

ab sensibus. "Dissociated from sensations," i.e. as non-sentient matter.

Debet enim . . . esse. " For he must exist."

misere si forte aegreque futurumst. ' ' If perchance one is to be unhappy
and wretched."

id quoniam mors eximit. " Since death takes this away from us ; " i.e. the
time when one can be wretched.

probet. Syncopated for prohibet.

neque hilum differre. " And that it makes not the slightest difference."

Pages 31-33.] NOTES. 201

uUo tempore, i.e. whether he has been born at one time rather than
another, since it comes to the same thing in the end.

mors inmortalis. A very striking expression, — the one thing that is deatli-
less is death itself.

tellus quod dura creasset. Lucretius regarded life as inherent in certain
combinations of atoms, and thought that when the earth was young it teemed
with vital energies which produced spontaneously all possible forms of life, —
that out of the warm soil came not only herbage, trees, and all kinds of vegeta-
tion, but also living creatures. Birds broke forth from the eggs that had been
found within the earth. Little children crept out of the hollows near the sur-
face. All sorts of monstrosities were also produced. There were those which
had no feet, others with no heads ; eyeless and mouthless creatures came into
being. But only those able to maintain themselves lived ; for the law of nature
is the survival of the fittest. This crude form of the doctrine of evolution was
first taught by Empedocles, of Agrigentum, who flourished in the fifth century
B.C., and whom Lucretius greatly admired (i. 716-733). See Winnefeld, Die
Philosophie des Empedocles (Rastatt, 1862), and the account in Mayor's Sketch
of Ancient Philosophy (Cambridge, 1881).

The picture of the gradual dawnings of civilization as given by Lucretius is
very interesting, and shows gi-eat ingenuity and penetration. Man goes to school
to Nature. He discovers fire by seeing lightning kindle a conflagration, or by
observing flame produced when the branches of trees rub together in the forest.
The use of metals was learned when burning forests melted them, and they
ran into cavities on the earth's surface. Planting and grafting were also
acquired by observation. Men began to sing when they tried to imitate the
sounds of the birds. The wind blowing through the hollow reeds first suggested
the flute and the pipe. The medical art was learned from sick animals that
sought out by instinct the herbs that were able to effect a cure. Language devel-
oped gradually by the exercise of a power inherent in men and animals alike.

32. molirier. Archaic infinitive = moliri.
novitas florida. ' ' The blooming youth. "
scibant = sciebant.

arbita. Same as arhuta.

Umida saxa. This repetition is called by the rhetoricians Epizeuxis.

33. sibi valere. To be his own master, — "lord of himself, that heritage
of woe."

silvestria. ' ' In the woods. ' '

subus. Scanned in the archaic fashion subu\ See notes to p. 21.

palantes. " Roaming about."

erat curae. Sc. illis.

Spumigeri suis. Sus is here masculine, as often.

intempesta nocte. " At the dead of night."

202 NOTES. [Pages 34, 35.

34. Viva videns vivo, etc. A famous alliterative line. See notes to p. 21.
minas ponebat = deponehat.

Nee poterat quemquam, etc. This and following are two very striking
lines.

Improba navigii ratio. The Latin races have never been fond of seafaring,
and Latin literature abounds in passages that display a dread of the seas, and a
belief that the gods intended them to be absolute barriers between the lands they
separate. A familiar expression of this thought is found in the famous ode of
Horace to Vergir(i. 3, 21-26).

amicitiem. Rare form of the fifth declension.

35. omnimodis. Illogically formed on the analogy of multimodis (used on
p. 31, line 27), for omnibus modis.

At varios linguae sonitus, etc. The Lucretian theory of language is that
man has the faculty of evolving language just as he possesses other faculties that
are gradually developed by necessity and practice. This is just as true of
animals as of men, only the former, having no complex or abstract ideas to
express, need only the limited vocabulary of cries and howls. In the beginning,
man's vocabulary was equally limited, for his range of thought was little greater
than that of the beasts ; but as his mind developed beyond theirs, so his power
of speech correspondingly grew. There was in the primitive speech a peculiar
appropriateness in the name to the thing. Epicurus says : " The natures of men
in the case of each people, experiencing peculiar feelings and having peculiar
ideas, expelled the air accordingly, thus expressing different feelings and ideas
differently."

This is in reality the theory of phonetic types (the "ding-dong theory"),
advocated in recent years by Heyse and Max Muller. A simple statement of it
is as follows : Just as a piece of metal rings differently when struck by different
substances, so man rings differently, so to speak, when struck by different emo-
tions, desires, and ideas. It is curious that the advocates of this theory do not
see that it is only the onomatopoetic theory over again, stated in the form
of a simile ; for the onomatopoetic theory covers not only such words as are
imitative of sound, but those that are inherently appropriate to whatever they
describe. Thus Vergil's line descriptive of the flight of a dove, —

Radit iter liquidum celeres neque commovet alas,

is just as truly onomatopoetic with its recurrent liquids and vowels as his won-
derful mimetic description of a cantering horse : —

Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.

For a fuller discussion, see Hackel, Natural History of Creation, ii. 300 ; Dar-
win, Descent of Man, i. 52-60; Heyse, System der Sprachwissenschaft ; Max
Miiller, Science of Language, i., ch. 9; Diebitsch, Sittenlehre des Lucretius

Pages ;?5-37.] NOTES. 203

(Ostrowo, 1886) ; Whitney, Life and Growth of Language, pp. 120, 282, 294-
298; Strong, Logemaii, and Wheeler, Lntrod. to the Study of the History of
Language, pp. 157-169 (London and New York, 1891).

utilitas. A favorite term in the Epicurean philosophy, denoting the general
adaptation of means to end, — " expediency," "convenience."

ad gestum. Language is therefore a sort of verbal gesture. See Aulus
Gellius, X. 4.

infantia. From in, negative, and/ar?', "to speak."

vim. In writers before the time of Cicero, utor, fruor^ fungor, and their com-
pounds occasionally govern the accusative instead of the ablative.

pantherarum. See notes to p. 16.

auxiliatum. A word found only here. Lucretius is especially fond of verbal
nouns of the fourth declension.

putare aliquem turn nomina distribuisse. Cf. Genesis, ii. 20.

inde. Pronominal adverb. "From him."

36. rebus . . . apertis. By things that are open to every one's observation.
canum Molossfim. The Molossian hounds of Epirus are everywhere spoken

of as the finest and sturdiest for hunting large game.

Et catulos blande, etc. " And when they begin to lick their whelps tenderly
with their tongues, or when they fondle them with their paws, and charging on
them with open mouth, threaten to swallow them, while their teeth menace them
in pretense."

baubantur. An onomatopoetic word found only here.

37. Corvorum. Professor Kelsey refers, for an account of the ancient
mystery connected with the raven, to an article in the Popxdar Science Monthly^
vol. xviii., pp. 45-56, entitled "A Flock of Mythological Crows."

fulgere. Here of the third conjugation,

rami stirpesque teruntur. The ancients produced fire by rubbing together
sticks prepared for the purpose and known as igniaria (Gk. -n-vpeia). These
were (1) a block of soft wood with a hollow in it ; and (2) a bit of hard wood
which was whirled around in the hollow of the block until the friction produced
sparks which were, in early times, caught on a tinder made of dried grass, but
later on a kind of sulphur matches (ramenta sulpurata), such as were used
down to the early part of the present century, before lucifer matches were
invented. The igniaria were so inconvenient to use that they were generally
employed only for kindling fire for sacred purposes, e.g. for relighting the fire in
the Temple of Vesta when by any chance it became extinguished. For ordinary
needs, the more convenient flint and steel were employed, and mention is also
made of burning-glasses (Plutarch, JSfuma, 9). For an account of primitive
methods of producing fire, reference may be made to Tylor's Early History of
Mankind, p. 2.37 (London, 1865), and a paper by Dr. M. H. Morgan in the
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. i. (Boston, 1890).

204 NOTES. [Pages 37-42.

Haec ratio quondam morborum, etc. This great plague which devas-
tated Athens is described by Thucydides in his second book, and by Hippoc-
rates {De Morbis Popularibus, bk. iii.). It is also mentioned by Diodorus
Siculus (xii. 7), who ascribes the appearance of the disease to an excess of rain
in the hot months, to a lack of proper food, — the preceding harvests having
failed, — and to unnatural absence in this year of the customary cool north
winds (Etesiae). See also Haser, Geschichte der epidemischen Krankheiten
(Jena, 1867).

Cecropis. Cecrops and Pandion (line 6) were early kings of Attica.

38. vis in cor. i.e. into the stomach, which the early physicians called by
the name for heart (Kapdia). Compare our term "heart-burn" for a form of
dyspepsia.

singultus. "Retchings," " belchings " {G^. \vy^ kcvt)).

nervos. " The muscles."

coactans. "Contracting."

sacer ignis. Erysipelas, known in modern times as "St. Anthony's fire,"
because in the pestilential epidemic of 1089 in France, it was reputed that many
were cured by the intercession of St. Anthony. It is fairly probable that the.
epidemic of 1089 and that in Athens were identical in character, neither being
erysipelas, but rather a form of raphania, — a disease caused by eating the ergot
of rye produced in damaged grain, such as the Athenians must have had owing
to the poor harvests of the preceding year and the wet, unhealthful summer in
which the plague broke out. The symptoms as described by Lucretius and
others are strongly suggestive of ergotism.

40. ^i<^^ canum vis. "The faithful dogs." This statement corresponds
with that of Thucydides (ii. 50).

animam ponebat. Here ponebat = deponebat. So animam agere and (line
94) animam amittebat.

VII. GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS.

Passer. Sparrows were favorite pets of the Romans. Other birds so kept
were doves, ducks, jackdaws, parrots, and quails, the last being used for fighting,
like game-cocks.

42. deliciae. " The darling." Plural of excellence.

Quicum. Qui is here an ablative of the form of the third declension. Other
third declension forms of the relative are cuius (cutis), cui, quem, quibus.

meae puellae. Lesbia, on whose identity with Clodia, mentioned in the
biographical note, see a paper by Professor Alfred Gudeman in the American
Journal of Philology, x. 3.

tristes. " Gloomy."

Pages 42, 43.] NOTES. 205

Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus. " The key-note of the whole
poem is struck in the first word" (Merrill). Live and enjoy life, is the
dominant thought ; yet there is an undercurrent of pathos in the exquisite
lines that finds expression in the Nox est perpetua una dormienda. The more
intense the joi'e de vivre^ the more agonizing the thought that we must leave it
all ; and the recollection of this is always the skeleton in the Epicurean closet.

severiorum. Intensive comparative ; men who are too old to sympathize
with the love of pleasure.

unius assis. Genitive of value. The as was worth about a cent.

43. basia. The word occurs first here. See notes to page 25. The modern
Dutch writer of Latin verse, Jan Everard, better known as Johannes Secundus
(1511-1536), wrote a series of short poems entitled Basia, each descriptive of a
kiss. In graceful expression and voluptuous warmth of sentiment, these very
famous productions are not unworthy of comparison with the lines of Catullus.
The last edition of them appeared at Leyden, in 1821.

deinde usque. "And then straight on."

fecerimus. See notes to page 21, dederimus.

Disertissime Romuli nepotum. This poem was written to thank Cicero
for some favor done to Catullus. Some editors have regarded the complimentary
expressions contained in it as ironical, but for no reason that is obvious to the
exoteric mind. On the other hand, Caesar was greatly disliked by Catullus,
who attacked him in two of his poems, without much effect, however, for
Caesar made no reply to his abuse, and with a sort of contemptuous cynicism,
sent him an invitation to dinner.

CoUis O Heliconii. This poem was written in honor of the wedding of one
Manlius Torquatus, identified by some editors with the L. Manlius Torquatus
who was one of the Pompeian party and fell in battle in b.c. 47. His bride was
Vinia Arunculeia. It is a sort of epithalamium, but not written to be sung
as epithalamia usually were, by a choral band outside the chamber of the
newly married couple.

The wedding day of a Roman pair was chosen with great care, so that it
might not fall on any unlucky day or upon a day for any reason inappropriate.
The whole month of May, for instance, was considered unlucky for weddings,
and there was a Roman proverb, Mense 3Iaio malae nuhent. The early days of
March and also of June were likewise regarded as unsuitable for marriage, and
so the Kalends, Ides, and Nones of every month. The conventional wedding-dress
was a pure white robe (tunica) fastened by a woolen girdle. The bride's hair
was done up in six braids, and adorned with a garland of flowers gathered by
herself. The bridal veil was of vivid flame-color (flammeum). The ceremony was
simple. Some married lady, a friend of the pair, led them to one another ; they
joined hands, a prayer was offered to the deities who presided over marriage, and
a sacrifice offered. Then followed the wedding banquet, which began in the after-

206 NOTES. [Pages 43-45.

noon. When night came on, the bride was seized, and with a pretence of violence
was taken from her mother and carried to her husband's house, escorted by a
procession headed by musicians playing the flute, and by an attendant with a
lighted torch. Songs were sung on the way. By the side of the young wife
walked two boys whose father and mother were still living {patrimi et matrimi),
and behind her were borne a spindle and thread to symbolize her matronly duties.
The bridegroom scattered walnuts {spargere nuces) among the street boys as a
sign that he had now put away all childish things. At the house, the bride
anointed the door-posts with oil and fat, and having decorated them with rib-
bons, was carefully lifted over the threshold lest she should stumble (a bad
omen) in entering. In the atrium of the house, where stood the marriage-bed
(lectus genialis), her husband welcomed her to their home, and with him she
offered a prayer to the gods. Three coins were brought by her, one of which she
gave to her husband (symbolizing her dowry), one she gave to the household
Lares, and one she dropped into the street for the Lares Compitales. (See
notes to p. 27.) On the day after the wedding, the husband gave a dinner
(repotia), at which the bride received her husband's relatives, who then brought
their wedding presents. On wedding rings, see text on page 176. A fuller
account of the Roman ceremonies will be found in Becker's Gallus. For the
symbolism involved in the various rites, see Maine, Early Law and Custom
(London, 1883) ; McLennan, Studies in Ancient History (London, 1876) ; and
Westermarck, History of Human Marriage (London, 1891).

Cultor, Uraniae genus. Hymen, god of marriage, is variably called the son
of the muse Urania, of Terpsichore, and of Bacchus and Venus. The song
opens with an apostrophe to him. Cultor = incola.

Hymencee Hymen. Gk. 'Tfxrjv 'Tfx^vaie. The god of marriage.

44. Luteum. The red yellow of flame.
Pelle humum pedibus. i.e. in dancing.
Idalium. A mountain in Cyprus sacred to Venus.

Phrygium iudicem. Paris, who acted as judge in the first beauty-show on
record, awarding the prize to Venus.

alite. Literally ' ' bird," so many omens being drawn from the flight of birds.
See notes to p. 114.

45. in modum. " In unison," " rhythmically."

zonula soluunt sinus. The bride wore a girdle (zona, dimin. zonula) which
the husband removed. Hence zonam solvere = 7iubere. Notice the diaeresis in
soluunt.

captat aure maritus. The husband stands at the door of his house, waiting
eagerly to catch the distant music that will announce the approach of the pro-
cession escorting his bride.

puellulam. A double diminutive, the primary form being the obsolete puera
(fem. otpuer), then puella, puellula. Catullus is fond of diminutives, and his

Pages 45-50.] NOTES. 207

use of them gives his lines a tinge of colloquialism, since their formation
characterized the popular Latin as they do the popular Spanish of to-day.
Viden. Videsne.

Splendidas quatiunt comas. " The torches toss their tresses of flame."
Flere desine. Said to the bride who weeps as all women feel inclined to do
at a wedding, whether their own or another's.

46. ToUite o pueri, faces. The procession is now about to depart.
conlocate. i.e. in the lecUts genialis.

caelites. " The celestials."
Bona Venus. " Kindly Venus."

47. Vesper adest. A second epithalamium possibly on the same marriage
as the preceding, though there is nothing in the verses themselves to show this.

innuptae. = virgines.

contra. On their side of t\\Q pingues mensae, opposite the youths,
Oetaeos. Mt. Oeta between Thessaly and Aetolia.
Noctifer. The evening star.

perniciter. From per nix, permtor, and not connected with per nicies, which
is from perneco.

palma. The palm of victory.

alio . . . alio. " To one theme ... to another."

48. avellere natam. Referring to the symbolical show of violence in tak-
ing the bride from her mother. See introductory note, pp. 205, 206.

49. Ut flos in saeptis. A very famous passage often quoted and often
imitated. Readers of the Heart of Midlothian will recollect its citation by
Reuben Butler to the Duke of Argyll. Professor Merrill cites from Robinson
Ellis the imitation by Ben Jonson in The Barriers, and by Robert Browning in
The Bing and the Book, iii. 233 foil.

Ut vidua. The old simile of the vine and the elm, the ivy and the oak, that
has since done yeoman's service in the mouths of sentimentalists.

nudo. "Treeless."

contingit summum radice flagellum. Inversion for contingit radicem
flagello.

50. iuvenci. i.e. between the rows of vines.

par conubium. A marriage with her social equal. The adjective par refers
to rank, aequalis to age.

Chommoda. The smart set at Rome at various times pursued fads of dif-
ferent kinds with an exaggerated enthusiasm not unknown in modern days.
At one time everything Greek was in fashion ; at another time everything
Etruscan, just as in our own country the fashionable world was affected with
Gallomania during the palmy days of the Second Empire, and with Anglomania
after 1871. This poem of Catullus satirizes the affectation of a young Helleno-
maniac. The Latin language had none of the aspirated consonants so common

208 NOTES. [Pages 50-53.

in the Greek, — c/i, ph^ th, — and the rough breathing h played no great part in
its word-formation. In fact, the general tendency was to drop it as an initial
letter (cf. the ordinary forms arena, anser with the older harena, hansei'), and
as a matter of fact, h did finally become a silent letter as in modern Spanish,
and is practically lost in Italian. The prevailing fondness for everything Greek,
however, led to the Graecizing of many words. Thus, Quintilius mentions such
forms as chorona, praecho, chentiirio (i. 5, 19 foil.). Several words definitely
retained the aspirated consonant and fixed it in the language, Sispulcher, Cethegus,
triumphus, and Carthago, for the older pulcer, Cetegus, triumpus, Cartago
(Cic. Or. 160), just as we now in English universally but incorrectly write rhyme
instead of rime, having been misled by the analogy of rhythm into thinking it a
word of Greek origin. Later, when h became a silent letter, the wildest con-
fusion prevailed in the orthography of the Romans. Arrius, in the present
epigram, was simply a fashionable young person who aspirated at random in his
attempt to ape the Greeks. Sir Theodore Martin's translation of the epigram
is so clever as to deserve quotation : —

" Whenever Arrius wished to name

' Commodious,' out ' chommodious ' came:

And when of his intrigues he blabbed,

With his * hintrigues ' our ears he stabbed ;

And thought, moreover, he displayed

A rare refinement when he made

His /i's thus at random fall

With emphasis most guttural.

When suddenly came news one day

Which smote the city with dismay,

That the Ionian seas a change

Had undergone, most sad and strange ;

For, since by Arrius crossed, the wild

* Hionian Hocean ' they were styled ! "

quantum poterat. "As loud as he could." He was naturally anxious that
every one should realize how thoroughly " good form " he was.

leniter et leviter. Other swells mispronounced as he did, but in quiet tones,
and did not stun the ears.

VIII. CAESAR.

53. Druidum. The etymology of this word is uncertain. It has been con-
nected with the Greek bpvs, "oak," with the Saxon dry, "magician," with the
Irish drui, " a sacred person," and with other words ; but no derivation has met
with general acceptance. The origin of the Druids is likewise a matter of con-
jecture. Their doctrines, which closely resemble those of Pythagoras, indicate
an Eastern origin, but nothing is known with regard to their first appearance on

Pages 53-5G.] NOTES. 209

the stage of European history, the first and most detailed account that we pos-
sess being this short digression of Caesar. His account, with some further details
furnished by the elder Pliny, form practically the sum of our knowledge of the
institution and its workings. The order gradually decayed in Gaul, but main-
tained for some time its influence in Britain, where the chief monuments still
exist in the remains of altars, etc. , which show considerable skill in mechanics.
Among the best discussions of Druidism are those of Jean Heynaud, VE^prit da
la Gaule (Paris, 180(5); Barth, Ueber die Druiden der Kelten (Erlangen, 1828) ;
and Rhys, Celtic Heathendom (London, 1888).

54. in finibus Carnutum. Probably near the present town of Dreux.
Anglesea was the headquarters in Britain.

loco consecrato. The oak was their sacred tree, and oak groves, some-
times surrounded by stone walls, formed the temples.

in Britannia reperta. But the Welsh tradition says that they entered Gaul
from the remote East.

Graecis litteris. Characters, not the language.

transire ad alios. It is not known whence the Druids derived this theory.
Cf. Lucan, i. 450.

mundi. Like Koa/jios = order.

55. homines immolant. As no instances of this practice are recorded at
this period, it has been judged that it had passed out of existence as an institution
in Caesar's time. Livy (xxii. 57) records a similar practice on the part of the
Romans.

simulacra. These images seem to have been permanent ones, but no details
can be gleaned from this vague description.

Mercurium, etc. The identification of these gods is in some cases uncertain.
The Gallic divinities are called by the names of the Roman gods whose attributes
they appear to possess. Jupiter is probably T«ra«fs; Mercury, Teutates ; Mars,
Hesus ; Apollo, Belenis.

exstructos tumulos. Probably the cairns, topped with a flat stone, on which
the Druidical fires were lighted.

numero . . . noctium finiunt. The Germans had the same custom, Tac.
Germ. 11. So the Jewish and the Puritan Sabbaths began at nightfall. Cf. our
fortnight, sennight^ twelfth-night.

56. vitae necisque potestatem. The paterfamilias originally had absolute
power, including that of life and death, over the familia. It was customary to
inflict capital punishment only after condemnation by a family tribunal, and
he was not criminally responsible for the abuse of this power. In later times
this legal absolutism was limited to the right of administering moderate chastise-
ment. The patria potestas included the right of repudiating a new-born child,
and of selling children into slavery. Until the time of Augustus, the fllius
familias was incapable of holding property in his own name.

ROM. LIFE — 14

210 NOTES. [Pages 57-^0.

57. Hercyniae silvae. Embracing the Black Forest, Odenwald, ThUringer-
wald, Erz- and Riesengebirge, and part of the Carpathians.

Helvetiorum. Between the Jura Mountains, the Rhine, and Lake of Con-
stance, the Rhone, and Lake Geneva.

Nemetum. West of the Rhine. Their capital was Noviomagus, now Speier.

Rauricorum. Near Basle.

Dacorum et Anartium. In the southeast provinces of modern Austria,
beyond the Theiss.

bos. The reindeer or bison. The statements of these chapters are evidently
derived from mere hearsay and misconception.

58. accidunt arbores. Possibly derived from the common expedient of
covering pits with light material which gives way under the tread of an animal.
See below foveis, etc.

IX. PUBLILIUS SYRUS.

59. Absentem laedit. A thought similar to that involved in the appeal from
Philip drunk to Philip sober.

Amans quod suspicatur, etc. A foreshadowing of the Shakspearian descrip-
tion of the '' green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on."

Bis gratum est, etc. A variation of the familiar bis dat qui cito da^, which is
found in Publilius Syrus in another place in the form his dat qui dat celeriter.

Bona nemini hora, etc. This line is the converse of the English proverb
"It's an ill wind that blows nobody good."

Bonus animus laesus, etc. " Beware the fury of a patient man " (Dryden).
This is again given by Publilius in another form : Furor Jit laesd saepius patientid.

Disoipulus est, etc. Cf. Henry Ward Beecher's remark that "one's fore-
sight is never as good as one's hindsight."

Ducis in consilio, etc. Cf. " Better an army of stags with a lion for a
leader than an army of lions led by a stag."

60. Fortunam citius reperias, etc. " Easy come, easy go."
Malum est consilium, etc. " Consistency is the vice of fools."

Non pote non sapere, etc. A maxim agreeable to the teachings of Socrates
and Herbert Spencer.

Stultum facit Fortuna, etc. Another form of the more familiar proverb,
Quern perdere vult Deus prius dementat.

Voluptas e difficili data, etc. " Sweet is pleasure after pain." (Dryden.)

Ubi peccat aetas maior, etc. "As the old cock crows, the young one
learns. ' '

Pages &2-G5.] NOTES. 211

X. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO.

62. Tliis extract serves to show the wide range of matter admitted in argu-
ment before a Roman court, as well as to exhibit the perfection of Cicero's style
when applied to a congenial subject. The speech was delivered in court in the
year 62 b.c, in defense of Cicero's friend, the poet Archias, a native of Antioch,
who had acquired Roman citizenship under the Lex Plaiitia Papiria in 89 n.c,
but whose claim to its possession had been attacked by a certain Gratius. The
legal argument is but a small part of the oration, the remainder being devoted
to an exposition of the charms and value of literature.

63. tempestivis conviviis. Beginning early and lasting till late. The
usual hour for the cena was three o'clock.

64. quaedam. " What I may call ; " quidam is often so used by Cicero.
hunc . . . Africanum. The younger, as being nearer in time.

C. Laelium. The friend of P. Cornelius Scipio, and the chief speaker in the
dialogue Laelius (De Amicitia), which takes its name from him.

M. Catonem. Nepos calls him cupidissimus litterarum. He began the study
of Greek at an advanced age. Cicero's treatise De Senectute is called for him
Cato 3Iaior. The treatise was written about 45 b.c, when Cicero was 62 years
old. Scipio, Aemilianus, and Laelius are supposed to visit Cato the Censor, and,
wondering at his cheerfulness and activity at 84, request him to show them how
to bear the weight of years so easily. Cato complies, refutes the charges usually
brought against old age, and fortifies his position by instances of illustrious men
of all periods. The purity of style and dignity of treatment have always made
it a favorite work, though it is full of false logic and special pleading.

Non cani. /Saepe grandis natu senex milium aliud habet argumentum quo se
probet diu vixisse praeter senectutem (Seneca, Tranq. iii. 7).

65. certo in loco. Special seats of honor were reserved for ambassadors
and distinguished guests.

nostro coUegio. i.e. the college of augurs, of which Cicero was a member
The augurs formed the authorized medium for learning the will of the gods,
which in Rome was sought in the flight of birds and in omens, not, as in Greece,
through oracles. Augurship was commonly supposed to owe its origin to
Romulus, who appointed a college of three augurs, answering to the number of
the early tribes (Cic. De Bejmb. ii. 9, 16). Livy, on the other hand, refers the
institution of augurs to Numa, to whom the origin of most religious customs was
attributed, as the Jewish rites were all attributed to Moses. The college con-
sisted of six members after the time of Numa, all patricians. The number was
increased to nine by the addition of five plebeians (300 b.c.) to fifteen by Sulla,
and to sixteen by Julius Caesar. The augurs were elected for life. The only
distinction in the college was that of age, and the only pay of the members con-

212 NOTES. [Pages 65, 66.

sisted in the privileges accorded to other priests, — special places at the games
and festivals, and exemption from military service and certain civil duties.

66. In the year 62 b.c, during the celebration of the mysteries of the Bona
Dea at the house of Julius Caesar, P. Clodius, a dissolute young patrician,
gained admission disguised in female costume. He was discovered, but escaped,
and at his trial for sacrilege, set up a plea of alibi, which was disproved by the
evidence of Cicero, who thus incurred the enmity of Clodius. The latter became
tribune in 58, and introduced an enactment forbidding fire and water (the usual
formula of banishment) to any one who had put Roman citizens to death with-
out a trial. Although this law was aimed at Cicero, he was not mentioned by
name, but, thoroughly frightened, he went into voluntary exile at the advice of
his friends. On the day of his departure, Clodius carried a law banishing him
by name, and prohibiting him from living within 400 miles from Rome. Cicero
journeyed to Thessalonica, where he lived in security at the house of his friend
Cn. Plancius. This letter, written on his journey, shows the weaker side of his
character. For a time he lost all courage, and indulged in unmanly lamenta-
tions and regrets, suspecting his friends, and trying by various artifices to
regain the favor of those whom he had offended. In the following year a decree
was passed sanctioning his recall, and he returned to Rome in September of
58 B.C.

S. P. D. The form of the Roman letter differs in several respects from that
used in modern correspondence, particularly in the combination of salutation
and signature, and in the absence of complimentary phrases, such as " yours
truly," and the like. The normal order of the address is the nominative case of
the name of the writer, the dative of the person addressed, and the letters S. D.
{saliitem dicit). This formula was capable of variation corresponding to the
degree of intimacy of writer and recipient, by the addition of sims, dulcissimus,
or some endearing epithet, by the use of a diminutive, or by the more cordial
plurimam added to salutem. All these variations are exhibited in the address
of the present letter. The body of the letter does not differ greatly from modern
forms, except in the ' ' epistolary use ' ' of the historical tenses based on the time
of reading, where we use the present based on the time of writing. The close
is apparently abrupt, — vale, or cura iit valeas, followed by the date (sometimes
preceded by data, agreeing with epistula understood), and the place, usually in
the locative or ablative.

The ordinary materials for brief correspondence were tablets of wood or
ivory, fastened together in sets of two or more, and coated with wax, upon
which the writing was scratched with the stilus. For longer communications,
papyrus was used, upon which the writing was done with ink {atramentum)
made of soot and gum, the pen being a split reed (calamus). This rude writing
equipment made it impossible to conduct a large correspondence except by
means of slaves, to whom the letters were dictated (lihrarii, servi a manu,

Pages 66-71.] NOTES. 213

ama7iue7ises). Letters were first securely tied with thread (limnn), wax was
dropped upon the knot and impressed with the seal of the sender, which to some
degree took the place of the autograph signature.

As there was no public postal service, the delivery of letters was accomplished
by special messengers or by the hand of travellers, until imperial time, when a
sort of system was established (ctwsus publicus) for the use of officials and those
who could secure special permission to employ its facilities. See Rothschild,
Histoire de la Paste anx Lettres (Paris, 1875).

minus vitae cupidi. A weak regret that he had not committed suicide.

legis improbissimae. The Clodian Law which exiled Cicero.

XL PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO.

70. Copa. This lively genre piece belongs, if genuine, to Vergil's earlier
efforts. It is an invitation to a friend to escape the heat of the day in a shady
resort, enjoying fruit and wine in good company. The youth of the poet is seen
in the spirit of the poem, which shows much greater vivacity than his later com-
positions. There is a separate edition of the poem with notes by Leo (Berlin,
1891).

taberna. Literally, a hut formed of planks, then a shop, and especially a
wine-shop by the roadside, which the Roman landlords were in the habit of
erecting to dispose of the produce of their estates.

Maenalio. The Arcadian mountain Maenalus, the favorite haunt of Pan,
was so celebrated that the Roman poets frequently use the adjective for
" Arcadian" or "pastoral."

cado picato. The newly made wine was first poured into a large gourd-
shaped butt (dolium) smeared with pitch, and usually let into the ground. Here
it was allowed to ferment for a year, when, for purposes of sale or use, it was
poured (diffundere) into amphorae or cadi^ which were also pitched, and, if the
wine was to be preserved for a longer period, were corked with clay and the
mouth pitched.

serta. Garlands made by stitching blossoms upon thin strips of linden bark.

71. Achelois. A water-nymph, the daughter of Acheloiis, the river-god.
caseoli. The Roman cheeses were usually eaten in a fresh state like cream

cheese or pot-cheeses, but were also pressed and hardened into ornamental
shapes in boxwood moulds.

tuguri custos. i.e. Priapus. See note to p. 90.

cicadae. Identical with the American "locust," so-called. At Athens a
golden cicada (t^tti^) was worn in the hair as an ornament, it being regarded
as a creature sprung from the earth like the early inhabitants of Attica, according
to the legend. The cicada was also kept in cages like canaries at the present day.

214 NOTES. [Pages 71-73.

vitro. It has been asserted that glass was more generally used and for a
greater variety of purposes among the ancient peoples than in our own time. It
is at least certain that its use among the Romans was very general. Glass of
Phoenician importation occurs at Tarquinii in cemeteries of the eighth century
B.C. The word vitrum is first used by Lucretius (iv, 604, vi, 991), but the
substance is constantly referred to as a well-known object by poets of the
Augustan age (cf. Verg. Aen. vii. 759 ; Hor. Carm. iii. 13, 1). Italy was for a
long time supplied from the manufactories of Phoenicia and Egypt; but in
Pliny's day glass factories had been established in Italy, Spain, and Gaul. The
workmanship of the specimens seen in the large museums ranks in skill and
delicacy with that of the best modern artists. Glass was familiar in nearly all
its modern applications, including its use for window panes, as has been shown
by discoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The aedile Scaurus, b.c. 58, con-
structed the scena of his theater in three tiers, the lower of marble, the upper of
gilded wood, and the middle largely of glass. (Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxxvi. 189.)
See Frohner, La Verrerie Antique (Paris, 1879).

strophio. A twisted chaplet or garland. See note on serta above.

talos. The talus, originally knuckle-bone or ankle-bone, was also the name
given to dice, which were at first only the natural bone. The tali had four
long sides and two small ends. Two of the long sides were broad and two
narrow. One of the broad sides was convex, the other concave, while of the
narrow sides one was flat, the other indented. In playing, four tali were used,
emptied from a dice-box (fritillus). The lowest throw (canis, canicula) was
four aces ; the highest was that called Venus, in which the numbers cast were
all different, their sum amounting to fourteen. This throw was also called
Basilicus, because by obtaining it the king of the feast was appointed (Hor.
Carm. i. 4, 18 ; ii, 7, 25). See Becq de Fouquieres, Les Jeux des Anciens, pp.
325-356.

Laocoon. The Laocoon group of the Rhodian school of Greek sculpture once
stood, according to Pliny, in the palace of Titus. It was found in 1506 in the
baths of Titus. The restoration of the right arm, which was lacking when the
group was discovered, has been severely criticised. For a noble description of
the group, see Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 160. Vergil, in writing this passage,
probably had in mind the statue. For a criticism of the Laocoon group, see
Perry's Greek and Boman Sculpture, pp. 520 foil. (London, 1882).

Tenedo. A small island in the Aegean off the coast of Troas. To this island
the Greek fleet withdraw in order to induce the Trojans to think that they had
departed {Aen. ii. 21).

72. Ardentesque oculos. Accusative of specification.

73. Harpyiae. The Harpies (dpird^u), "to snatch") had been sent by the
gods to torment Phineus in Thrace. He was delivered from them by ihe Argo-
nauts, who drove them to the Strophades. To the two mentioned by Hesiod (Aello

Pages 7.V76.] NOTES. 215

and Ocypete), Vergil adds a third, Celaeno. Dante {Inferno^ xiii, 10) gives the
following description : —

" There do the hideous Harpies make their nests^
Who chased the Trojans from the Strophades,
With sad announcement of impending doom;
Broad wings have they, and necks and faces human,
And feet with claws, and their great bellies fledged."

74. Misenus. The pilot of the fleet of Aeneas. He was drowned and
buried near Cumae on a promontory, which from him was called Misenum.

Dardanios. "Trojan" ; descended from Dardanus, one of the founders of
the Trojan line.

Danais. " Greek " ; from Danaiis, an ancient king of Argos.

Iliacos. "Trojan " ; of Ilium, the city of Ilus, son of Dardanus.

Penates. The Penates, originally the guardians of the storeroom {penus),
together with Vesta and Lar, were the household gods of the Romans. Their
altar was the hearth of the house, on which were sculptured the figures of the
two Penates with that of the Lar.

75. Ithaca. Now Thiaki, a small rocky island in the Ionian Sea, famed as
the birthplace of Ulysses.

Ulixi. The name of the great Greek hero of the Trojan War, Odysseus,
appears in Latin in the forms Ulysses, Ulyxes, and Ulixes.

Cyclopis. "Round-eyed." In works of art, the Cyclopes are represented
as giants with one eye in the forehead. They were the sons of Uranus and Gaea,
and were cast into Tartarus by their father. After assisting Cronus to the
sovereignty of the gods, they were put again into prison by him, and at last
freed by Zeus, for whom they forged the lightning. The Cyclopes were later
imagined as assistants of Vulcan, and placed in Sicily under Aetna. Polyphemus
was said to be the son of Poseidon and Thoosa. Later legends make him the
unsuccessful lover of the nymph Galatea, for which story see Gay's Acts and
Galatea; Proctor's Death of Acts ; Robert Buchanan's Polypheme'' s Passion;
and Austin Dobson's Tale of Polypheme.

76. Phoebeae lampadis. "The torch of Phoebus," i.e. the sun.
Monstrum horrendum. The halting, heavy sound produced by the elisions

and spondees of this line represents the laboring movements of the blinded
giant. Browning {Waring, iv.) has made strange use of these lines: —

" As long I dAvell on some stupendous
And tremendous (Heaven defend us !)
Monstr' — inform, — ingens — horrend — ous
Demoniaco seraphic
Penman's latest piece of graphic."

216 NOTES. [Pages 76-78.

lavit inde cruorem. A very bold stroke or thoughtlessness on Vergil's part.
Bathing a wound in sea water is hardly a natural proceeding, and neither Poly-
phemus nor Vergil probably knew anything of antiseptic medicine.

77. Aetnaeos fratres. The Cyclopes, who were supposed to inhabit the
caves of the mountain.

obscuri. The entrance to the infernal regions was begun at break of day.

Ditis. Dis ( = Dives) pater. The ruler of the lower world, worshipped by the
Romans, and corresponding to the Greek Pluto or Hades.

Orci. A peculiar divinity of the dead, created by popular belief. Like
Hades, his name was used to denote the lower world. With this description,
compare that in Spenser's Faery Queen, vii. 21-25.

78. Eumenidum. The goddesses of vengeance (Gk., Erinyes), variously
called the daughters of Gaea, or of Nyx (Night) and Skotos (Darkness), who
punish all transgressions. Their name, Eumenides ("the kindly ones") springs
from the familiar unwillingness to speak plainly of things of ill omen.

Multaque praeterea. "These several mixed natures, the creatures of
imagination, are not only introduced with great art after the dreams, but, as
they are planted at the very entrance and within the very gates of these regions,
do probably denote the wild deliriums and extravagances of fancy which the
soul usually falls into when she is just upon the verge of death " (Addison,
Tatler,m. 154).

Centauri. A savage race, dwelling in the district near Pelion and Ossa in
Thessaly, who were destroyed in a war with their neighbors, the Lapithae. They
are represented as half horse, half man.

Briareus. One of the hecatoncheirae, huge monsters with a hundred arms ;
son of Uranus and Gaea, " called by men Aegaeon, by the gods Briareus " (Hom.
//. i. 403).

belua Lernae. A monster with nine heads which ravaged the country of
Lerna near Argos. The slaying of the monster was the second of the labors of
Heracles.

Chimaera. A fire-breathing monster, the fore part of whose body was that
of a lion, the middle that of a goat, and the hind part that of a dragon.
It ravaged Lycia, and was finally killed by Bellerophon. The Chimaera
was probably the fanciful personification of a volcano of the same name in
Lycia.

Gorgones. Three frightful beings, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, with
wings, brazen claws, enormous teeth, and serpents instead of hair. The best
known of the Gorgons, Medusa, was killed by Perseus with great difficulty, as
the sight of her head turned every one who looked upon it into stone. The
head was placed by Athena in the centre of her shield.

Cocyto. " River of Wailing." (Gk. /cw/cuw.) A river in Epirus, a tributary
of the Acheron, and, like the latter, supposed to be connected with the lower

Pages 78-81.] NOTES. 217

world, or a river of the lower world. Homer makes it a tributary of the
Styx, and Vergil in this passage represents the Acheron as flowing into the
Cocytus.

Charon. The son of Erebus and the Styx, a dark and grisly old man, who
ferried the souls of the departed across the river of the lower world. His fare,
an obolus, was placed in the mouth of the dead person.

79. Tendebant. A wonderfully pathetic line, often quoted in literature.
Navita. i.e. Charon. Navita = nauta.

O virgo. The Sibyl.

oUi. Archaic form for iUi. Cf. the pronominal adverb olim.

Stygiam paludem. Styx, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, was the first of
the immortals to help Zeus against the Titans, and in return was made the god-
dess by whom the most solemn oaths were sworn. As a river, Styx is described
as a branch of Oceanus flowing in the lower world.

Nee datur, etc. " This was probably an invention of the heathen priesthood
to make the people extremely careful of performing proper rites and ceremonies
to the memory of the dead " (Addison).

80. Cerberus, To increase the horror, some poets gave him a hundred
heads (Hor. Carm. ii. 34), others fifty, but he is usually portrayed with three,
the middle head being that of a lion, with a wolf's head on one side and an
ordinary dog's head on the other.

•'Cerberus, monster cruel and uncouth,
With his three gullets like a dog is barking
Over the people that are there submerged.
Red eyes he has, and unctuous beard and black,
And belly large, and armed with claws his hands ;
He rends the spirits, flays and quarters them."

(Dante, Inferno, vi. 13.)

Minos. A mythical king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. On account
of the murder of his son at Athens, he undertook an expedition against Attica,
and compelled the Athenians to send him once every nine years seven boys and
seven girls to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur. He appears in later times
as a judge of the dead, with Aeacus and Rhadamanthus.

81. Phlegethon. " River of Burning." (Gk. (pXiyoj.) A river of the lower
world, a tributary of the Acheron.

Tisiphone. One of the Furies. See note on Eumenidum, to p. 78.

Teucrfim. The Trojans, as descendants of Teucer, the most ancient king of
Troy, son of Scamander and the nymph Idaea.

Hecate. A Greek deity, sometimes confused or associated with Persephone,
sometimes identified with the moon goddess. As a goddess of the night, she
gradually became a deity of ghosts and magic. She was represented as haunt-
ing graves and crossways, where offerings of eggs, fish, and onions were made

218 NOTES. [Pages 81-83.

to her on the last day of the month. In art she is usually represented by three
statues placed back to back, each one with special attributes.

Avernis. Now Lago di Averno, a lake near Cumae, filling the crater of an
extinct volcano. Near it was the cave of the Cumaean Sibyl, through which
Aeneas descended to the lower world.

Rhadamanthus. Brother of King Minos of Crete, who, in consequence of
his justness in life, was made a judge in the lower world.

agmina saeva sororum. The Furies.

82. praeceps. Adjective used as a noun.

Titania pubes. The Titans, offspring of Uranus and Gaea (Heaven and
Earth).

Salmonea. Salmoneus was a Thessalian who emigrated to Elis and built
the town of Salmone. He deemed himself equal to Zeus, ordered sacrifices
made to him, and imitated the thunder and lightning. He was slain by a
thunderbolt and punished in the lower world.

Aere et cornipedum. Imitative line.

Tityon. Tityus, a giant of Euboea, offered violence to Latona or Artemis,
and was slain by her arrows. Cast into Tartarus, he lay stretched over nine
acres, with vultures or snakes devouring his liver.

Terrae omniparentis. Cf. the notes to p. 31.

Lapithas. A savage race, neighbors of the Centaurs. They were said to
be the inventors of bits and bridles for horses.

Ixiona. Ixion was the king of the Lapithae, who treacherously murdered
his father-in-law, and when purified and taken to heaven by Zeus, attempted to
win the love of Hera. A phantom resembling her was created by Zeus, and by
it Ixion became the father of Centaur. As a punishment for his ingratitude, he
was chained to a wheel which rolled perpetually.

Pirithoiim. The son of Ixion. When he was celebrating his marriage with
Hippodamia, an intoxicated Centaur insulted the bride. This gave rise to the
battle with the Centaurs, who were defeated. Perithous was tormented in
Hades for having attempted to abduct Proserpina.

83. clienti. "A dependent."

Theseus. The great legendary hero of Attica, son of King Aegeus of
Athens, who figured in almost all the great heroic expeditions. He took part in
the Argonautic expedition, slew the Minotaur, and assisted Pirithoiis in his
attempt to carry off Proserpina, for which he was kept in the lower world until
delivered by Heracles.

Phlegyas. The son of Ares and father of Ixion and Coronis, the latter of
whom became by Apollo the father of Aesculapius. Having in revenge set fire
to the god's temple, he was slain by Apollo and condemned to punishment in
the lower world.

Non. mihi si linguae, etc. An imitation of Horn. //. ii. 480.

Pages 8t-87.] XOTES. 219

XII. GAIUS CILNIUS MAECENAS.

84. Debilem facito manu. These curious lines, written in the trochaic meas-
ure of Yankee Boodle, were apparently composed by Maecenas in one of his most
effeminate moods. He was a sufferer from what would now be styled nervous
prostration, and resorted to various devices to get a little sleep to restore the tone
of his unstrung nerves. Soft music was played while he tossed upon his couch,
and an artificial waterfall plashed in his palace to soothe him to slumber. The
frantic love of life displayed in this passage quoted by Seneca is at once pathetic
and repulsive.

quate. " Make my glairy teeth chatter,"

si sedeam cruce. Referring to the instrument of torture known as the
eculeus or " colt " (cf. the Italian cavaletto), — a sort of seat with a sharp point,
astride of which the victim was placed with heavy weights attached to his feet.

XIII. QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS.

86. Emirabitur. A word found only here.

tabula votiva. The temples of Isis especially were thus adorned. Com-
pare the custom, common in Italy, of adorning the shrines of saints with
crutches, etc., of those who have been cured.

Babylonios. Cicero's writings show a widespread belief at Rome, even
before the time of Horace, in the Chaldean astrology. Through it mathematics
and astronomy became objects of suspicion, and the Senate repeatedly passed
resolutions de pellendis magis, Chaldaeis, mathematicis, astrologis, ceterisque
malejids; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 27, 32, 69; xii. 52; Hist. i. 22, etc. Horace him-
self was free from this superstition.

carpe diem. A famous phrase.

87. Integer vitae. This ode, beginning with the praises of virtue, and at
the close making enjoyment the sum of all wisdom, while apparently containing
contradictory sentiments, is in accord with Horace's practise ridendo dicere
veruni.

Fusee. Aristius Fuscus, a friend of Horace, of whom not much is known.
He is mentioned again in Sat. i. 9.

Syrtes. The modern gulfs of Sidra and Cabes.

Hydaspes. A tributary of the Indus, now the Jhelum.

Lalagen. " The prattler. " (Gk. \a\eiv.) See note to p. 13.

Daunias. Daunia was a part of Apulia, whose inhabitants were renowned
for their military si)irit.

lubae. King of Mauritania, which he received in exchange for his paternal

220 NOTES. [Pages 87-89.

kingdom of Numidia, when the latter was made a Roman province. He wrote
many works, and is cited by Pliny as an authority on natural history.

Arida. "Parched."

pigris. "Sluggish"; i.e. frozen.

luppiter. The name of the god is frequently used to designate his realm,
the bright sky ; e.g. sub love, under the open sky.

Chloe. This poem may be compared with Longfellow's Maidenhood, of
which it is the ancient prototype.

88. Tempestiva. " Old enough."

Fons Bandusiae. The locality has been much disputed, but is now known
to have been near Venusia. Horace gave the same name to a fountain on his
Sabine farm. The festival of the Fontinalia was celebrated on Oct. 13. Liba-
tions of wine were offered, garlands were placed about the fountains, and the
blood of a sacrificed kid was allowed to flow into the springs.

vitro. See note on vitro, p. 71.

mero. " Unmixed wine," opposed to imilsum.

Lascivi. ' ' Playful.' '

Caniculae. The star Sirius. The Dies Canictilares were proverbial with the
Romans, as the dog-days with us.

Nescit. = nequit. Cf. Eng. can = the Scotch ken (know) ; and the use of
French savoir in the same sense.

nobilium fontium. Hippocrene, Arethusa, Castalia, etc.

Lymphae. An improperly Graecized form for the true Latin lumpae, like
our rhyme for rime.

89. Maecenas, summoned to Brundusium on affairs of state in 37 b.c, took
with him several friends, among them Horace, on the trip of which this satire
gives a humorous description. The journey was made leisurely, sixteen or
seventeen days being consumed on the road between Rome and Brundusium,
312 miles. This satire has been put to use by Becker in the journey scene in
his Gallus.

Aricia. Now Riccia, about 16 miles from Rome ; celebrated for the grove
and temple of Diana on the Lacus Nemorensis (now Nemi) with the spring of
Egeria.

Hospitio. Inns (deversoria) existed in Rome as early as the second cen-
tury B.C. The taverns erected on the highroads by neighboring land owners
(see note on taherna, p. 70) were supplemented, as traffic increased, by stations
for changing horses (mutatio) and for night quarters (mansio). The cook
shops (pojmiae) and taverns {cauponae) were not frequented by the better
classes, although the gilded youth of Rome had their special taverns, in which
they held the Roman equivalent for the German Kneipe. The occupation of
innkeeper {caupo) belonged to the most despised professions (cf. 1. 4, cauponihus
maUgnis). The interior arrangement of the inns corresponded probably to that

Pages 89, 90.] NOTES. 221

of the present Italian osterie, and then, as now, the nature of the house was
indicated by signs. So, for example, Pompeii had its " Elephant House," Rome
its " Cock Tavern," in the Forum, Lyons its " Inn to Mercury and Apollo," etc.

Heliodorus. Nothing further is known of him.

Forum Appi. Founded by Appius Claudius, 43 miles southeast of Rome,
when he made the Appian Way. From this place a canal led through the
Pomptine Marshes to Anxur.

altius . . . praecinctis. "To more active travellers"; referring to the
habit of girding up the garments for greater ease in exercise.

lam nox . . . parabat. Mock-heroic.

90. pueri. Cf. the French use of gavf^on and " boy " = "slave" in our
Southern States.

convicia. Con + vox.

Ingerere. Historical infinitive.

palustres. = in paludibus.

viator. See the article by Ashmore in Classical Studies in Honour' of Henry
Drisler (N.Y. 1894).

pastum. Supine.

dolat. Literally " hews," " cuts at him."

quarta . . . hora. Until about 290 b.c, the time of midday was announced
to the consuls by a servant (accensiis), who watched till the sun reached a par-
ticular opening in the south side of the Forum. After the introduction of sun-
dials (solaria) and water-clocks (clepsydrae)^ the daylight and darkness were
divided into twelve hours each, the hours, of course, varying in length with the
season of the year.

pransi. The Romans had in early times three meals — breakfast (ientaculum)
at 9, the principal meal (cena) at 12, and the vespterna in the evening. Later a
different arrangement became customary ; lunch {prandium) was substituted at
12 for the cena, which was then taken about 3, after the bath. The cena, origi-
nally a very simple meal, became, after the second century b.c, a very elaborate
one, sometimes prolonged over the whole latter part of the day. Masters and
servants originally took their meals in common in the atrium; later, special
dining-rooms (triclinia) were built. Napkins (majopae) were introduced in the
reign of Augustus. No knives or forks were used ; the meats were cut up by
a special slave (scissoi') .

Anxur. A Volscian city, later called Tarracina by the Romans.

Priapum. Priapus, the Greek god of fruitfulness. His statue, set up in
Roman gardens, seemingly served as a scarecrow.

Maluit esse deum. Cf. the magnificent piece of sustained irony, Isaiah,
chap. xliv. 9-17.

novis hortis. On the Esquiline Hill.

commune sepulcrum. The eastern slope of the Esquiline, outside the

222 NOTES. [Pages 90-94.

Servian rampart, was in early times the Potter's Field of Rome. Within the
city, no burials could take place ; liominem 7nortuum, inquit lex in duodecim, in
nrbe ne sejjelito neve urito (Cic. De Leg. ii. 23, 58). See Lanciani, Ancient Borne,
chap. iii. ; and Pagan and Christian Borne, chap. vi. The place was acquired by
Maecenas, who laid it out in gardens (cf. novis hortis, 1. 6) and built there a
handsome house.

91. Heredes . . . sequeretur. The usual inscriptions were H. M. H. N. S.
= hoc monumentum heredes ne seqiiatur, or H. M. Ad H. N. Trans, (transito)^
i.e. the burial place did not form a part of the inheritance, and hence could not
be sold by the heirs.

Aggere, etc. The Servian agger. See note on commune sepulcriim above.
quae versant. Note the impressive effect of the indefinite.
Umbrae. " Shades." Cf. Shakespeare's witch-scene in Macbeth.

92. dentes. According to Epod. 5, 47, she had dentem lividum.
caliendrum. " (False) headdress," i.e. "wig."

Accurrit quidam. Propertius has been suggested as the bore, but he was
more than ten years younger than Horace, and therefore hardly more than a
child when this satire was written.

Num quid vis. A usual formula preliminary to saying farewell, as seen in
various passages in Plautus ; cf. num ciuid nunc aliut me vis (Mil. Glor. 1086).

quendam non tibi notum . . . longe cubat. These circumstances are
touched upon as likely to discourage the bore from accompanying him.

Caesaris hortos. On the laniculum, bequeathed to the Roman people by
Julius Caesar (Suet. Julius, 83).

pluris. Genitive of value.

Varium. L. Varius, an epic and tragic poet, the friend of Horace, Vergil,
and Maecenas. After the death of Vergil, he was directed by Augustus to
revise the Aeiieid.

93. quis membra . . . moUius. " Who can shake a leg more neatly? "
Est tibi mater. Probably an ancient equivalent of the modern impertinence,

" Does your mother know you're out ? "

Sabella. Sabinum was traditionally a witch-country.

quando . . . cunque. Tmesis.

Vestae. The temple stood on the south side of the Forum, north of the
Palatine. Horace and his companions had walked along the Via Sacra, past
the (later) Arch of Titus, and had reached the tribunal of the praetor, which
reminded the bore of his lawsuit.

vadato. Probably ablative absolute = vadimonio dato, corresponding to the
similar absolute uses sortito, testato and intestato, auspicato, etc.

94. stare. Technical legal term.

propero. Colloquial indicative where strict Latinity (the Latinity of litera-
ture) would demand the subjunctive.

Pages 94-%.] NOTES. 223

sodes. = si andes. Aiideo contains the root of avkhis. " If you please."

Maecenas quomodo tecum. "How does Maecenas stand with you?"
A Mattering way of putting it, as though Horace were the great man and Maece-
nas the humble follower.

Nemo dexterius. A delicately veiled sneer at Maecenas. The bore is
feeling for Horace's true sentiments towards Maecenas, and trying to draw him
out.

sic habet. = sic se res habet, o'vtojs c-xei.

deducam. Deducere is a technical term used of clients escorting their
patwnus home ; prosequi is to escort him from his house to the Forum, etc.

dissimulare . . . ridere. Historical infinitives.

95, tricesima sabbata. Many ingenious explanations of these words have
been given, but it is altogether unlikely tiiat Fuscus had any special Jewish
feast in mind, but trumped up the excuse as a part of the practical joke on
Horace.

oppedere. A coarse word belonging to the colloquial language.

surrexe. Colloquial contraction for siirrexisse.

Archiacis. " Made by Archias," an otherwise unknown maker of inexpen-
sive furniture.

imperium fer. " Put up with my ordering."

Moschi. According to the scholiast, a rhetorician from Pergamum, accused
of poisoning.

nato Caesare. The birthday may be either that of Julius Caesar, July 12,
or that of Augustus, Sept. 23. Aestivam noctem below would seem to indicate
the former.

96. paupertate. Not exactly " poverty," for which the word is egestas, but
narrow means.

toral. The covering of the lectus.

mappa. See note on pransi to p. 90.

par pari. A Latin form of our proverb " Birds of a feather flock together."
So in Cic. De Senectnte (3, 7), Pares autem, vetere p)roverhio cum paribus
facillime congregantur.

umbris. Additional guests not invited by the entertainer, but brought by
invited guests. Cf. Sat. ii. 8. 22.

quanti. Genitive of price.

Fallacem. Because the resort of fortune-tellers, rogues, and cheats,

pueris tribus. A very small number. Cf. Sat. i. 3, 12, where ten slaves are
mentioned as very few.

echinus. A word originally meaning a sea-urchin ; here probably a salt-
cellar. So in the Third Satire Horace speaks of concha salis.

dormitum. Supine of purpose.

Marsya. A satyr flayed by Apollo. His statue stood in the Forum near

224 NOTES. [Pages 96-100.

the praetor's tribunal. The features, distorted after his punishment by Apollo,
seemed to express disgust for the usurious Novius.

97. Ad quartam. Eight to nine o'clock. He probably does not mean that
he slept so late, for he calls one who sleeps to the first hour {Ex>isL i. 17, 6), or
after daylight {Epist. i. 18, 34), a late sleeper. These quiet hours of the early
morning he uses for his studies. Cf . lecto aut scripto below.

lusum trigonem. A favorite game of ball at Rome which required special
dexterity with the left hand. Note that lusum is not a noun, but a participle,
and render " after the game of ball is over."

durare. Infinitive used for a quiJi clause.

O matre pulchra filia pulchrior. It is not clear from the ode who the
beauty was whom Horace here tries to propitiate, but she is supposed to be one
Tyndaris, daughter of Gratidia or Canidia, who had been ridiculed by Horace
(cf. Sat. i. 8). Tradition makes her to have been a Neapolitan flower-girl.

Latoe. = Apollo, son of Latona. For the sentiment cf . Juvenal's mens sana
in corpore sano,, p. 145.

Nunc est bibendum. An ode celebrating the taking of Alexandria and
death of Cleopatra (30 b.c).

Saliaribus . . . dapibus. The feasts of the Salii, or priests of Mars, were
proverbial for their richness.

Tempus erat. The tense is at first sight peculiar. ' ' Now was the time ' ' ;
i.e. we were right in waiting for the present time; it really was the proper
moment.

98. Tendit Apollo, i.e. relaxation is necessary. "All work and no play
makes Jack a dull boy." " It's a long lane that has no turning."

imminuit dies. Here dies = tempus.

99. Exegi monumentum. So Ennius in the lines given on p. 21 ; so,
too, Ovid.

Libitinam. Venus as a death goddess.

fortibus et bonis. Not the ablative of the agent, which would require the
preposition ab, but the ablative of source — "from the brave and good."

Credat ludaeus Apella. The Jews were regarded by the Greeks and
Romans as excessively superstitious. This quotation is used very much like our
" Tell that to the marines ! "

100. Quidquid delirant. Quidquid is the accusative of specification.
Dimidium facti. "A thing begun is half done."

Oblitusque meorum, etc. Imitated in Pope's line, "the world forgetting,
by the world forgot."

adire Corinthum. According to Gellius (i. 8, 4), the proverb ou iravrbs
di>8pbs es Kdptvdov €<y&' 6 ttXoOs originated because frustra iret ad Corinthum ad
Latdem, qui non quiret dare quod posceretur. The sense, of course, is that only
the wealthy can indulge in expensive luxuries.

Pages 100-109.] NOTES. 225

Hinc illae lacrimae. An expression first used by Terence (Andria, 126),
and then by Cicero (Pro Caelio, 23).

101. Nescit vox missa reverti. Cf . volat irrevocabile verbum (Epist. i. 18,
71).

XIV. PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO.

103. The prose account of this tradition is given in Livy, i. 9.

viduos. Viduus and caelebs are used of both unmarried men and widowers.

vela. Awnings, in place of roofs, were stretched over the whole theater as
a protection against sun and rain. The rings to which the awnings were
fastened may still be seen in the Colosseum.

scena. Originally "bower," as in Verg. Aen. i. 164; then applied to the
stage decorated as described in the preceding line.

plausus. The system to which applause was later reduced is seen in the
following passage from Suetonius (Nero, 20). "At the same time he chose
young men of the equestrian order and above five thousand robust young fellows
from the common people, on purpose to learn various kinds of applause, called
bombi (booming, humming), imbrices (clapping with hollowed hands; imbrex,
gutter-tile), and testae (clapping with flat hands; testa, tile). They were
divided into several parties, and were remarkable for their fine heads of hair,
and were extremely well dressed, with rings on their left hands. The leaders
of these bands had 40,000 sesterces allowed them." The ancient claque.

104. commoda. Gifts made to soldiers on their discharge from service.
Annae Perennae. The goddess of the returning year. Her festival was

celebrated near the junction of the Arno and the Tiber, on the Ides of March.

advena. Because considered an Etruscan river.

Nestoris annos. Nestor had lived through three generations of men.

Forsitan audieris. Venus tells Adonis how Atalanta was overcome in a
foot-race by Hipporaenes, son of the Boeotian king Megareus, and great grand-
son of Neptune.

105. teque viva carebis. Atalanta was transformed into a lioness, and so
lost her own form while still alive {3Iet. x. 698).

106. Aonio. = Boeotian. The name Aonia was given to that part of
Boeotia, near Phocis, in which Mt. Helicon and the fountain of Aganippe were
situated. Hence the Muses are called Aonides.

Onchestius. The father of Megareus was Onchestus, son of Neptune.

107. noUem visa fuissem. Ut is omitted after nolo.

108. Schoeneia. She was the daughter of the Boeotian king Schoeneus.

109. Eor Ovid's banishment, see Introduction, p. 101.

Ausoniae. Originally the district about Cales and Beneventum ; later ex-
tended to near Italy. It was also called Opica.

ROM. T.TFE — 1 .")

226 NOTES. [Pages 110-114.

110. exstinctos focos. The hearth typified the family life, and its extinc-
tion the desertion of the home. So the sacred lire of Vesta symbolized the life
of Rome,

Parrhasis. = Parrhasia. Calisto, daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia,
transformed by Hera into a bear, and afterwards placed as a constellation in the
heavens.

apta. Lucky for starting, as determined by an astrologer.

limen tetigi. The most unlucky omen on beginning a journey. So the
bride was carried across the threshold of her father's and of her husband's home
to avoid the possibility of such an ill omen. See p. 206.

111. Scythia. A vague term in ancient geography, sometimes meaning
Scythia, properly so called, sometimes an indefinite name for modern Mongolia
and Tartary.

Thesea . . . fide. The proverbial friendship of Theseus and Pirithoiis ; cf ,
Hor. Carm. iv. 7, 27. Nee Lethaea valet Theseus abrumpere caro Vincula
Pirithoo.

Metus. King of Alba, punished in this manner for treachery by Tullus
Hostilius (Livy i. 2, 8).

XV. TITUS LIVIUS.

113. Et supererat multitude. "And (this was a natural expedient, for)
the number of inhabitants was too great." This use of et, equivalent to the
elliptical /cat yap (et . . . enim), is a favorite one with Livy.

avitum malum. Referring to the seizure of Numitor's kingdom by his
brother Amulius.

inde. The cause of the strife ; the occasion is given in the next sentence,
aetatis. A recognition of the rights of primogeniture.

114. tutelae. " Under whose protection these regions were. "

auguriis. Mihique ita persuasi, Bomulum auspiciis, Numam sacris consti-
tutis, fiimlamenta iecisse nostrae civitatis (Cic. De Nat. Deor. iii. 5).

templa. As here used, templum is any spot consecrated by the augural
ritual ; cf. Livy, i. 18, 6 {Numa) ah augure . . . deductus in arcem, in lapide
ad meridiem consedit. . . . Declaratus rex, de templo descendit.

conditoris nomine appellata. An etymological impossibility. Roma or
Runia meant originally "River-town" (Gm. Stromstadt, Corssen).

Palatium. Originally a "feeding place," " pasture," from the root oi pasco.

Euandro. (Ei/ai/Spos, "Good-man.") A mythical prince who, before the
Trojan War, led a Pelasgian colony from Arcadia and founded a city Pallanteum
on the hill afterwards called Palatium. He introduced the worship of Pan =
Faunus ; cf . Verg. Aen. viii. 51.

Pages 114-119.] NOTES. 227

Herculem . . . Geryone. The tenth labor of Hercules was to steal the
cattle of Geryon, a three-headed monster on the island of Erytheia. He was
supposed to have come to Italy on his return with the cattle.

Cacus. Described as a half-human, fire-breathing monster. His name was
confounded by the Italian Greeks with «:df/c6s, without regard to the quantity of
the first syllable, in contrast with the good Evander.

115. Cum hostes adessent. The Etruscans already had possession of the
laniculum, which formed a natural bulwark toward Etruria.

Pons Sublicius. Remains of this earliest of Roman bridges are still to be
seen. It was built by Ancus Martius in 639 b.c, and was entirely of wood,
iron being unknown at the time of the construction, nor was iron allowed in any
subsequent restoration. For the horror of iron, see Lanciani, Ancient Bome^ p.
41 f.

in statione. " In command of the guard."

116. Tiberine pater. Cf. Verg. Aen. viii. 72, Tuque, o Thyhri tuo genitor
cumflumine sancto, and Macaulay's lines: —

" O Tiber, father Tiber, to whom the Romans pray,
A Roman's life, a Roman's arms take thou in charge this day ! "

118. iuberem macte virtute esse. = dicerem " made virtute estoV
3Iacte is the vocative of the adjective mactus, from an obsolete mago = augeo ;
and is formulaic, being used even with the accusative (Florus, ii. 18, 16) .

XVI. GAIUS PETRONIUS [ARBITER].

119. '^^^^ selection given here forms a part of the famous episode known as
" Trimalchio's Dinner Party " {Cena TrimalcMonis) . The narrator of the story
is one Encolpius, who tells how he and his friend Ascyltus with a boy, Giton, are
invited to dinner by a rich old upstart named Trimalchio. Trimalchio had been
born a slave, but had won his freedom by no very nice practices, and had subse-
quently accumulated an immense fortune in trade. He is now a shrewd, vulgar,
conceited old fellow, with some gleams of kindness and good feeling, but utterly
ignorant of social usages and destitute of tact. His guests are, for the most
part, persons of his own kind. The conversation put into their mouths by
Petronius gives us valuable specimens of the colloquial, ungrammatical Latin
{sermo pleheius) spoken by the uneducated and often non-Roman people of the
mercantile class. The scene of the Cena is probably laid in Puteoli. See a
valuable paper by H. W. Haley in the Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,
iii. 1-40.

nivatam. " Cooled with snow." The ancients kept snow in pits and used
it as we do ice.

228

NOTES.

[Pages 119-120

paronychia. Uapuvvxia in classical Greek means a felon or whitlow, but
here it means the thin loose skin about the nails.

acido cantico. "A shrill song."

triclinium. ' ' The table. ' '

patris familiae. For the older form patris familias, which possesses the
genitive ending in -s of the first declension in Greek.

gustatio. A sort of preliminary course intended to whet the appetite. It
usually consisted of shell-fish, olives, eggs, mushrooms, radishes, etc., and the
drink served with them was wine mixed with honey {mulsum). To serve so
elaborate a gustatio as Trimalchio gave them was an exhibition of ignorance of
the niceties of gastronomy.

Trimalchionem. The name signifies "thrice effeminate" from yua\d(rcra>,
Lat. malacus, malchio (Mart. iii. 82).

locus novo more primus. The usual number of guests was nine, arranged
as follows : —

lectus medius

.■'

summus

imus

medius

imus

summus

The place of honor was no. 6. The master of the feast usually reclined at
no. 7. At Trimalchio's dinner, the host, instead of putting some guest into the
honorable place, takes it himself, probably because, as he politely tells them later
on, he does not consider the present company as entitled to any great civility.
Mau, however, regards primus locus as referring to the place marked 1 on the
diagram, citing the use of wpCiTos in Plutarch, Quaest. Conviv. i. 3.

promulsidaria. Fromulsis is another name for the gustatio.

120. Corinthius. i.e. of Corinthian brass, greatly valued by the ancients.

bisaccio. A word found only here.

Syriaca pruna. The black plums and the scarlet pomegranate seeds repre-
sented coals of a fire under the silver gridiron, as though the sausages were still
broiling on the hearth.

Pages 121-122.] NOTES. 229

glires. Dormice were regarded by the Romans as great delicacies. Pliny
{H. JV. viii. 82) tells us that at one time the censor, in an effort to suppress
luxurious living, forbade dormice, oysters, and imported birds to be eaten. Rules
for cooking dormice are given by Apicius, viii. 9. See Friedlander, Sittenge-
schichte Boms, iii. 29. 6.

papavera. "Spices."

ad symphoniam. " To the sound of music."

laticlaviam mappam. He marked his napkin with the broad purple stripe
{latus clavus), the badge of high rank. Trimalchio was a Sevir Augustalis,
an office usually given to freedmen, and regarded it in his reverence for official
rank as a mighty honor. Only senators were allowed to wear the latus clavus
on the tunic, so Trimalchio puts one on his napkin.

anulum grandem subauratum. Only knights were entitled to wear a
golden ring {ins amdi). Trimalchio does not dare to violate the law, but
manages to evade it in part. He wears two rings, both of which appear to be
gold when seen at a distance ; but one is only gilded, and the other is sprinkled
with little iron stars so as not to be wholly golden.

pinna argentea. Martial (xiv. 22) called a toothpick dentiscalpium. Ordi-
narily they were made of the stalks of the mastic tree Qentiscus) or of
quills.

dentes perfodit. A revelation of his breeding, which is accentuated by his
remark that it is a great bore for him to be present, and that his guests have
greatly inconvenienced him.

121. absentivos. Old form with -os for the later -us, retained like many
other archaisms in the plebeian Latin.

calculis. The game was probably the game of latrimculi, closely resembling
our checkers or draughts. An account of it may be found in Falkener's Games
Ancient and Oriental (London, 1892).

omnium textorum dicta. "All kind of Billingsgate," the weavers
(textores) being taken as typical of the great unwashed. Cf . Martial, xii. 59. 6.

repositorium. = fercidum.

mehercules. For the more common mehercle. Seneca, however, has
mehercules more than forty times (Friedlander).

concepti sint. Sc. pulli.

coclearia. "Spoons." The coclear had a sharp point on one end, for
eating oysters, snails, etc., and a bowl on the other end for eating eggs (Mart,
xiv. 121). The ligula more closely resembled our spoon.

selibras. " Half a pound." MiQv plus, minus, and amplius the quam may
be omitted without changing the construction. Hence the accusative case here
instead of the ablative.

toralia. A hanging attached to the front of a couch or sofa depending from
above the mattress to the floor. It was commonly white in color and was usually

230 NOTES. [Pages 121-124.

of some material that could be washed. The toralia of Trimalchio with their
elaborate embroideries are therefore another instance of his ostentation.

subsessores. Huntsmen who lie in wait for the game.

pilleatus. The pilleus was the liberty-cap, and was set on the head of a
newly made freeman. Trimalchio explains to his guests presently that the boar
had already been served up at a previous dinner the day before, and having
been sent off by the guests untouched, was now decorated like a slave just
dismissed from bondage. A mild joke of Trimalchio's.

scrofam. A dainty bit of table decoration.

122. apophoreti. Usually in the neuter «pop^ore^a (a 7ro06/)7;Ta). Presents
for the guests to take home with them. The fourteenth book of Martial's
Epigrams consists of 223 couplets, each of which is supposed to be enclosed with
a souvenir, as a sort of motto.

polymita. From ttoXu/xitos, " woven with many threads."
debet esse. " He must be a thoroughly worthless slave."
At non Trimalchio. " But not so Trimalchio."

123. botulus. Botulus is a vulgar Latin word, reappearing in the French
houdin and English "pudding." Cf. Gell. xvi. 7. 11.

Gaio feliciter. Sc. eveniat or vertat. When the emperor and empress
entered the theater, the people used to rise and exclaim Domino ac dominae
feliciter (Suetoii. Domit. 13).

lacunaria. In the most magnificent houses at Rome, the panels of the ceiling
were arranged to shift their position and display different scenes to the guests.
Sometimes they would open and let a shower of roses fall. See the passage
from Suetonius given on p. 164 ; and cf. Mayor's note on Juvenal, i. 56.

alabastris. "Scent-bottles."

more vulgato. " In the usual way."

minima vexatione. " On the slightest pressure."

crocum. The Romans made great use of saffron, both as a condiment for
food and to give a perfume to their wines. In the amphitheater, concealed
pipes, at frequent intervals, sprayed the spectators with saffron-water. By
refined persons, however, saffron was regarded much as musk is to-day, and
rose-water and violet were preferred.

mappas implevimus. i.e. to carry away. This was a not uncommon cus-
tom at Rome (Mart. ii. 37 ; vii. 20).

124. Lares buUatos. The bulla was a globe of metal, often of gold, worn
by free-born children, who on coming of age consecrated it to the Lares. The
children of freedmen wore bullae made of leather. It was regarded as a sort of
amulet.

Dii propitii. sc. sint. A sort of grace after meat. For another clever-
description of a parvenu's dinner, see the account given by Horace (Sat. ii. b;
of how the snob Nasidienus entertained Maecenas.

Pages 124-125.] NOTES. 231

Forte dominus Capuam, etc. This extract is one of the stories told by
Trimalchio's guests during the dinner,

persuadeo hospitem. Plebeian Latinity for hospiti.

fortis tamquam Orcus. " As bold as the devil."

Apoculamus. A word found only in Petronius, where it occurs again in ch.
66. The meaning is clear, but the derivation is doubtful. Some derive it from
ab + oculus, comparing the low Latin aboculus whence the French avengle ; so
that apoculare (= aboculare) would mean "to get out of sight" (Bucheler).
More probably it is from the low word cuius, so that apoculare will exactly rep-
resent the French redder (low Latin rinculare).

gallicinia. From gallus + cano ; cf. Hor. Sat. i. 10, sub galli cantum. The
plural seems to occur only here.

facere. sc. se. = ire. A late Latin use. So in TertuUian, Pall. 3 : ad
ilium ex Libya Hammon facit.

respexi ad comitem. The use of ad is post-classical ; exactly our " looked
back rt^"

Mihi anima in naso esse. " My heart was in my mouth." Editors com-
pare Anacreon's KpaSir) 5^ pivbs &xp<-^ dvi^aive (Bergk, 7) ; esse is the historical
infinitive.

lupus factus est. The belief in werewolves is older than recorded history,
and is one of the primitive manifestations of a general belief in metempsychosis.
Herodotus (iv. 105) says of the Neuri, a semi-Scythian people, that it is reported
that " once every year each Neurian becomes a wolf for a few days, and then is
restored again to the same form as before." Vergil in the Eighth Eclogue says : —

His ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere silvis
Moerim . . . vidi.

Pliny the Elder (H. N. viii. 34) speaks of the common belief in lycanthropy,
but says that it is a mere superstition, and ridicules those who entertain it.
Plautus twice mentions the versipelles {Amphitr. Prol. ; Bacch. iv. 4, 10).
Pomponius Mela repeats the Herodotean story about the Neuri (ii. 1). In
modern times, the belief has been widely diffused, and the legends of the Black
Forest populate it with these gruesome inhabitants. The notion probably
arose from cases such as that of the "wolf-boys" of India like Mowgli the
Shikarri immortalized by Rudyard Kipling in Many Inventions and the Jungle
Book. See Herz, Der Werwolf (1862) ; Baring Gould's Book of Werewolves
(1865) ; and K. F. Smith in the Publications of the Mod. Lang. Assoc, for lb94.

Qui mori. Sc. debuisset ; or mori may be the historical infinitive.

125. genios. The genius of a person is put by the Romans for the person
himself, as here.

232 j^OTES. Pages 126-127.

XVII. GAIUS PLINIUS SECUNDUS MAIOR.

126. LoUiam Paulinam. The granddaughter of the immensely rich M.
Lollius, whose fortune she inherited. She was first married to C. Memmius
Regulus, but the Emperor Caligula fell in love with her, divorced her from her
husband, and married her himself. His passion for her did not, however, last
very long, for he soon repudiated her. When Claudius was emperor, Lollia
intrigued to win his favor, but her successful rival Agrippina procured her
banishment, and finally her death.

Gai principis. Caligula.

smaragdis margaritisque. Emeralds and pearls were the favorite jewels of
the Romans, though the opal, amethyst, and ruby were much admired. Julius
Caesar gave to Servilia, the mother of Brutus, a pearl worth |240,000. The
famous pearl which Cleopatra dissolved and drank was one of a pair valued at
$400,000. The ancients probably knew of the diamond, but, as the art of cut-
ting and polishing it had not yet been learned, did not greatly value it. All the
gems were imitated by the ancient jewelers in paste and crystal. For a full
account of gems in classical times, see Middleton, The Engraved Gems of Clas-
sical Times (London, 1891 ; Blumner, Technologie, iii. 227 foil. ; and Murray,
Handbook of Greek Archaeology, pp. 40-50, 146-173 (Loudon, 1892).

quadringenties HS. Sc. centena milia. A sum equal to |1, 600,000. The
sign HS. stands for IIS (duo et semis), the sestertius having been originally
worth two and a half asses. The value of the sestertius may be roughly reckoned
at four cents.

partae. From pario.

regum muneribus. i.e. by presents extorted from kings.

127. Curius aut Fabricius. Two typical old heroes of the days of Rome's
simplicity.

fercula. The litters on which were carried in the triumphal processions the
spoils of the victorious general. Occasionally captives of great distinction were
so paraded.

unam imperii mulierculam accubantem. " This little bit of a woman, the
head of the empire, at table."

In morsu. ' ' In case of a bite. ' '

edendum. Sc. caput.

poUici. Sc. pedis. Cf . the French doigt de pied.

quae abscissa dimissa sit. " Which, after having it cut off, has been let
go."

litnus. " A slime." This seems to be a dim foreshadowing of the Pasteur
treatment.

lytta. (Xi^rra.) Hence the Gk. verb XvTrdw " to rave " Pliny's superstition

Pages 128-130.] • NOTES. 233

about the lytta has endured down to the present century, and puppies are still
occasionally "wormed" to prevent hydrophobia. What are supposed to be
worms, however, are really white pustules beneath the tongue.
Saliuntur. "Are salted."

128. scholae. The various schools of medicine.

litteras scire. ' ' To have some learning." So litteras nescire is a proverbial
phrase "to be a fool." A fuller account of the theory of Herophilus is given
by Pliny in xi. 88. The notion was that there was a normal rate of pulse beat
for persons of each age, a variation from which indicated that something was
wrong.

mutata. Sc. schola.

inter initia. " At first."

contraria medicina. Pliny elsewhere (xix. 7) says that Antonius Musa
cured Augustus of a severe illness by prescribing lettuce which his former phy-
sician had forbidden him to eat. Suetonius (Aug. 81) relates that he treated
Augustus for abscesses with cold applications.

apud principes. In their practice any people of importance.

imputavit principibus. Regarded it as a favor to the emperor; lit. "set it
down to the account of the emperor." A business phrase used of recording a
debt due to one's self.

ad earn aetatem. " Up to their time."

eloquentiae assectator. " A professor of oratory."

latronicen. " Conqueror of physicians" (Gk. larpovlK-qs).

129. ephemeride. " Almanac."

Senecae stipulatio. Seneca speaks of this treatment approvingly in two
letters {Epist. 53 and 8.3).

turba se medicorum perii'sse. Supposed to be a translation of a line of
Menander : —

HoWCbv larpCov etVoSos /u' airuiXea-ev.

flatu. "The puffing."

insignia. " Some striking facts."

ius Quiritium. " The full right of Roman citizenship."

compito Acilio. "The Acilian four-corners." A part of the city.

130. Opicos. Used by the ancients as we use the word "Vandals." The
Opici or Osci were one of the early Italian peoples, rude and uncultivated, whence
their name became proverbial.

quae nunc nos tractamus. Pliny is, in this part of his work, treating of
medicine as the pharmacopoeia.

Augebo providentiam. " I will glorify their foresight."

ad Graecos transfugae. In adopting their language for writing medical

234 NOTES. [Pages 131-135.

works. An instance of a Roman medical author who wrote in Greek is Sextus
Empiricus.

131. credatur. Impersonal. " Credence is given."

Eor a full account of ancient medicine, see Watson, The Medical Profession
in Ancient Times (New York, 1856); Daremberg, Histoire des Sciences Medi-
cales (Paris, 1870-73); and Berdoe, Origin and Progress of the Healing Art
(London, 1893).

XVIII. MARCUS EABIUS QUINTILIANUS.

132. Chrysippus. The celebrated Stoic philosopher who lived b.c. 280-207.
deforme. "Unseemly."

injuria. ' ' A wrong thing. ' '

illiberalis. "Coarse."

vapulantibus. Vapido is a neuter passive verb like Jio and veneo.

frangit animutn. " Breaks the spirit."

133. nimium est. " More than enough."

Quintilian's view of corporal punishment was not the view that generally
prevailed at Rome. Martial speaks of the noise made in whipping children,
which made the vicinity of a school unpleasant to the residents (xii. 57). Horace
has made the severity of his teacher Orbilius proverbial. Verrius Flaccus, the
tutor of the grandchildren of the emperor Augustus, introduced a system of
rewards to take the place of a system of punishments, appealing to the ambition
rather than to the fears o£ the children.

in sipario. The drop curtain in a theater was called sipariinn, the principal
curtain, aidaeum.

nudum. Not "naked," a sense which the Latin word does not usually
have, but stripped of the outer garment. So, too, yvfxvds in Greek.

in nervo. The nervuswas an arrangement for confining criminals something
like the stocks, being made of wood and having holes for the feet (Plant. Asin.
iii. 2, 5).

hoc illam viginti annis audio. A joke that is still hard worked by the
newspapers.

134. Stoicus. The Stoics and the Epicureans were the philosophic antipodes
of one another ; and both schools frequently filled out their discussions of abstract
principles with personal abuse.

XIX. MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS.

135. Nil istic quod agat, etc. " There is nothing there for a third cough to
do."

Non amo te, Sabidi, etc. This very famous epigram is the original of

Pages 135-137.] NOTES. 235

one equally famous in English, — that written by Tom Brown on Dr. John Fell,
Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, about 1670. It runs as follows : —

" I do uot like thee, Dr. Fell,
The reason why I cannot tell ;
But this I know and know full well,
I do not like thee. Dr. Fell."

A still earlier imitation in English is found in Thomas Forrte's Virtus Redwiva
(1661): —

" I love thee not, Nell,

But why I can't tell;

Yet this I know well,

I love thee not, Nell."

It seems probable that Brown's epigram was imitated from this rather than
directly from Martial.

136. Continuis vexata madet, etc. This epigram has been made over in
modern times and used by the newspaper funny men against the milkman.

copo. Plebeian form of caiipo, the diphthong disappearing in the long
vowel.

Emptis ossibus. Artificial teeth seem to have been made and used by the
Romans at a very early period. Cicero (De Legihus, ii. 24) quotes an old law
which forbade the placing of gold in tombs except that used in the artificial
teeth. Martial has other hits on the same subject, e.g. that given on p. 137.

Cerussata. The cerussa {\pLixvdLov in Greek) was a face enamel prepared by
exposing lead to the fumes of vinegar. It was very largely used by Eoman
woman as was rouge {fucus) and other cosmetics. A description of the making
up of a woman's face is given by Plautus in the Blostellaria^ i. 3 ; and a fragment
{Medicamina Faciei) ascribed to Ovid treats learnedly of the whole subject.
From these and other sources we learn that Roman ladies enameled their skins,
rouged their cheeks, touched up their lips with scarlet {minium)^ stained the
eyebrows black with antimony, darkened the lids with a preparation of soot
(&<T^o\os), traced over the veins with blue, and used patches (splenia) to heighten
the fairness of their complexion by contrast. See Bottiger's Sahina, i. pp. 24
foil. (3d ed. revised by Fischer, Munich, 1878).

comatus. i.e. by wearhig a wig (galerus, capillamentum), which was a very
common thing at Rome, as were all the arrangements of false hair (switches,
bangs, chignons, "rats") that are usually supposed to be modern.

Issa est purior osculo columbae. This pretty little poem may be com-
pared with that of Catullus to Lesbia's sparrow, given on p. 42.

virum. "A mate."

137. olent . . . myrrham. A sort of cognate accusative.

236 NOTES. [Pages 138-140.

XX. DECIMUS lUNIUS lUVENALIS.

138. tibicine. A temporary prop which supports the building as the flute
player supports the singer.

frivola. Things half worn out ; rubbish. Derived from /rio, /nco.
Ucalegon. = neighbor. The name is borrowed from Vergil's account of
the burning of Troy (Aen. ii. 311). Vergil gets it from Homer (II. iii. 148).
reddunt. " Pay over ; " i.e. as rent. The word implies giving what is due.

139. Codro. Otherwise unknown.

Procula. Probably some well-known female dwarf at Rome.

minor. " Too small."

opici. The Opici, or Osci, were an Italian race proverbially rough and
uncouth. See the passage from Cato cited by Pliny, and given on p. 130.

PuUati. In mourning, the higher class put on the dress of the next lower.
Here the proceres do much more in assuming the tunica pulla, the ordinary
dress of the common people.

differt vadimonia. Puts off the consideration of bail questions.

Euphranoris. Euphranor was distinguished both in sculpture and painting.
He was a native of the Corinthian Isthmus. His chief works were produced
during the reigns of Philip and Alexander.

Polycliti. Polyclitus, one of the most celebrated sculptors of the ancient
world, was an associate of Phidias and Myron. All of his work was in bronze,
except the ivory and gold statue of Hera in her temple between Argos and
Mycenae.

mediam Minervam. The literary works in the libraries were under her
protection.

Persicus orborum lautissimus. "Persian," because the Persians and
Orientals generally were regarded as rolling in wealth. Cf . our " nabob." The
expression orborum lautissimus is best taken as a case of the rhetorical figure
Oxymoron ; but orborum may be "childless." Asturicus is rich and childless,
and hence all flatter him and send him presents, hoping to be remembered in
his will.

140. avelli. Middle voice ; " tear yourself away."

Sorae, Fabrateriae, Frusinone. Sora was in Volscian territory, on the
Liris, north of Arpinum and Eregellae. Fabrateria lay to the south of Sora,
and Frusino to the southwest.

tenebras. "Darkness" for a dark house (aedes tenebrosas), by the figure
Metonymy, a favorite with Juvenal.

haustu. " By an easy dip."

epulum . . . Pythagoreis, The Pythagoreans were vegetarians, because
of their belief that the souls of men passed into animals.

Pages 140-143.] NOTES. 237

Redarum transitus. Wagons were not allowed to drive through the town
before the tenth hour of the day, except loads of building material for public
edifices.

mandrae. Mandra is originally a halting place, then a cattle pen, and
finally the cattle themselves. It is here the objective genitive: "the curses
hurled at the team."

Draso. The emperor Tib. Claudius Drusus was famed for his fondness
for sleep. Cf. Suet. 8 : quotienspost cibum obdormisceret, quod ex fere accidebat ;
Suet. 33 ; in iure dicendo obdormisceret vixque ab advocatis de industria vocem
augentibus excitaretur.

141. Liburno. Liburnians were much used at Rome as litter-carriers.
Liburnia lay along the northeastern shore of the Adriatic.

obiter. Physical use of the adverb = in via or per viam.

sportula . . . culina. The early custom of occasionally inviting clients to
a regular dinner (cena recta) gradually gave place to that of presenting to each
a portion of food, which being carried away in a small basket (sporta) received
the name of sportula. For the sake of convenience, an equivalent in money
was substituted, the usual amount being 100 quadrantes. In this passage
portable ovens take the place of baskets, to keep the food warm.

Corbulo. Nero's famous general, Cn. Domitius Corbulo, was corpore ingens,
verbis magnificus (Tac. Ann. xiii. 8).

saxa Ligustica. The quarries of Luna and Pisa furnished white marble
(now called Carrara), used in sculpture, and stone of a bluish tint, which was
used only for building purposes.

142. Striglibus. The strigil was a flesh scraper used after the vapor bath
or the palaestra to remove moisture and impurities, and the oil after anointing.

gutto. A small flask containing the oil used for rubbing down the body after
bathing.

novicius. " Being new to the business " ; i.e. having never died before. A
grim joke.

Porthmea. For this passage, see Vergil's description, pp. 78, 79. Beside
the fare, costly articles were also laid in the grave with the bodies of the
rich. Accounts of the discovery of such articles may be found in Marquardt,
Privatleben der Bonier, and in Lanciani, Ancient Borne.

patent vigiles fenestrae. This may be punningly rendered in English, " as
many as there are windows up." Ct. pervigiles popinae, S?it. viii. 158; vigiles
lucernae, Hor. Carm. iii. 8, 14.

coccina laena. The scarlet mantle by which the rich man is recognized.

lampas. A candelabrum with many lights, originally carried before the im-
perator only.

Candelae. A wax or tallow light with adjustable wick.

143. vapulo. Neuter passive verb like fio and veneo.

238 NOTES. [Pages 143-145.

stari. Impersonal : "a halt to be made."

quaere. " Am I to look for you ? "

Pomptina palus. The Pomptine Marshes on the coast of Latium, near
Terracina, are formed by several rivers which spread over the plain instead of
finding their way to the sea.

Gallinaria pinus. A fir forest near Cumae, a resort of bandits.

uno carcere. The Tullianum, or Mamertine Prison, built by Ancus Marcius.
Career ad terrorem increscentis audaciae media urhe, imminens foro, aedificatur
(Livy, i. 33, 8). It was originally a stone quarry called Lautumiae, from which
issued a fine spring (tiUlius), the same now shown to visitors as a miraculous
feature of St. Peter's prison. The modern and mediaeval name " Mamertine "
came from a statue of Mars (Oscan Mamers) which formerly stood near it.

144. trutina. Cf. Hor. Epist. ii. 1, 29 : Bomani pensantur eadem Scriptores
trutina.

causidicus. "Pettifogger." The dignified name for a lawyer was orator
or patronus.

praeco. Perhaps "auctioneer."

aera . . . laboranti lunae. Aeris crepitu, qualis in defectu lunae silenti
node cieri solet (Livy, xxvi. 5) ; i.e. to drive away the eclipse.

tunicas succingere. Only men wore such tunics, those of the women
reaching to the ankle.

Caedere Silvano porcum. Cato, De Agric. 83, describing the sacrifice to
Mars Silvanus, adds : earn rem divinam vel serous vel liber licebit faciat, mulier
ad earn rem divinam ne adsit neve videat quo modo fiat.

quadrante lavari. Like the Cynic and Stoic philosophers ; for even among
men, only the poorest bathed in so inexpensive a manner.

145. enthymema. "An enthymeme," a name given in logic to a formal
syllogism of which one member is suppressed ; e.g. " All Romans are brave,
and Caesar is a Roman."

quaedam non intellegat. Cf. Martial, ii. 90 : sit non doctissima coniunx,
Sit nox cum somno^ sit sine lite dies.

Palaemonis artem. Q. Remmius Palaeraon, the teacher of Quintilian,
docuit Bomae, ac principem locum inter grammaticos tenuit. His yearly income
as a teacher amounted to 400,000 sesterces ($16,000).

sit mens sana in corpore sano. Cf. Seneca, Epist. 10, 4 : roga bonam
mentem, bonam valitudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis.

Sardanapali. The last king of the Assyrian Empire of Nineveh, passed his
time in effeminacy and luxury, dressed in female attire and unseen by his subjects.

The paraphrase of the last few lines by Dr. Johnson in his Vanity of Human
Wishes runs as follows : —

" Still raise for good the supplicating voice,
But leave to Heaven the measure and the choice.

Pages 145-148.] NOTES. 239

Safe in bis power whose eyes discern afar

The secret ambush of a specious prayer ;

Implore his aid, in liis decisions rest,

Secure whate'er he gives, he gives the best.

Yet, when the sense of sacred presence fires.

And strong devotion to the sky aspires.

Pour forth thy fervors for a healthful mind.

Obedient passions and a will resigned :

For love, which scarce collective man can fill ;

For patience, sovereign o'er transmuted ill ;

For faith, that panting for a happier seat,

Thinks death kind Nature's signal of retreat.

These goods for man the laws of Heaven ordain,

These goods he grants who grants the power to gain ;

With these celestial Wisdom calms the mind.

And makes the happiness she fails to find.

XXI. GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS (MINOR).

146. avunculi. Pliny the Elder. See p. 126.

Miseni. A town on the harbor formed by the promontory of the same name.
The harbor was the principal station of the Roman fleet in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
It was about 20 miles from Pompeii. All along the coast were many handsome
villas of the Roman nobility.

147. Campaniae solitus. "Habitual to Campania."

posco libnim Titi Livi, This is usually sneered at by the commentators
as a bit of priggishness on Pliny's part ; but there is no particular priggishness
in his telling of it, for he does not parade it as being necessarily an exhibition of
courage. Possibly it was done in the spirit of the philosopher in the haunted
house (p. 150) who writes while the ghost is clanking its chains.

ego intentus. Sc. resto.

hora prima. Six o'clock.

languidus dies. "The light was still uncertain and rather feeble." This
is the earlier meaning of dies.

excedere oppido visum. Sc. est. " It seemed best to leave the town. "

148. effuso cursu. " Headlong flight."
descendere . . . operire. Historical infinitive.
Capreas. Now Capri ; a small island opposite Naples.

Miseni quod procurrit abstulerat. "Blotted out the promontory of
Misenum."

orare, hortari, iubere. Historical infinitives.

posse enim iuvenem. Accusative with infinitive depending upon a word of
saying implied in the preceding verbs.

240 NOTES. [Pages 149-163.

149. noscitabant. " They were trying to recognize." The so-called cona-

tive use of the imperfect tense.

lymphati. Literally " bewitched by the nymphs" (lumpae).

150. donee de avunculo nuntius. Sc. veniret.
si digna ne epistula, etc. A bit of mock modesty.

idolon. Gk. etduXov. Latin names for a ghost are larva, imago, umbra, etc.

legit titulum. Advertisements of houses to let began among the Romans
with the words Est locanda, which form is retained by the modem Romans at
'he present time.

iubet sterni. Impersonal.

pugillares. Small tablets that could be held in the hand (pugillus, " a
handful").

innuebatque digito. " And beckoned with its finger."

151. ceris. Erom ce7'a " wax," used by Metonymy for the waxed pages of
the tablets.

publice. " At the public expense." The tale has all the stage-properties of
a modern ghost story. The old man beckoning and leading suggests the ghost
in Washington Irving's story, Dolph Heyliger.

152. -^ letter addressed by Pliny while governor (propraetor) of the province
Pontica to the Emperor Trajan. It gives the earliest information that we have
from pagan sources, and is referred to by Tertullian, Eusebius, and St. Jerome.

domine. The word dominus originally meant a master in relation to a slave,
like the Greek Sea-n-dTrjs ; hence it was not until the Empire had become auto-
cratic that the Roman emperors ventured to allow themselves to be addressed by
this title. It was applied, however, to persons in private life as a title of courtesy,
exactly as is our English " Master," which has now assumed the form " Mister "
on the analogy of its feminine "Mistress." In the Romance languages, and through
the various low Latin varieties {domnus, domna, dominicella) , it becomes the
French dame (originally both masculine and feminine), demoiselle, Spanish don,
dona, Portuguese dom, and the Old English Dan.

quia Gives Romani essent. Who, as being Roman citizens, had the right
of an appeal to Caesar, as in the case of St. Paul (Acts, xxv. and xxvi.).

libellus. " An accusation. "

153. Sacramento. The word sacramentum was originally applied to a
military oath taken by the Roman soldiers when first enlisted, to be followed
presently by the more formal oath, ius iurandum. In later usage, however, it
is equivalent to ius iurandum, and denotes a solemn oath of allegiance and
devotion. Hence the Christians applied it to the ceremony of the Lord's Sup-
per as involving a renewed profession of allegiance to the faith.

cibum promiscuum tamen et innoxium. Pliny makes t^his remark, be-
cause the pagan Romans, misunderstanding the language used in the celebration
of the Sacrament, had the notion that at the agapae, or love feasts, the Chris-

Pages 153-155.] NOTES. 241

tians ate human flesh and drank human blood. This was only one of the
monstrous stories circulated with regard to them. They were reported to be
guilty of sacrilege, incendiarism, incest, and murder, and Tacitus ascribes to
them odium humani generis. Many of these charges were spread by the Jews,
with whom for a long time the Christians were regarded by the Romans as
identical. Hence when Nero sought to find a class of people of whom he could
make scape-goats after Rome had been partly burned, he found the Christians con-
venient for his purpose, and had them tortured, torn by dogs, and burnt alive
in tunics of papyrus smeared with wax and pitch (tunical molestae).

hetaerias. Despotic governments always dread the formation of clubs and
societies, because of the feeling that they may at some time be turned to political
use and made the centers of sedition. Trajan had issued a special rescript for-
bidding such gatherings, and the weekly meetings of the Christians for worship
appeared to be a violation of the order.

civitates. Here in its rare and generally late Latin sense of " cities." The
remote country districts (jpagi) retained the old Roman faith longest, and held
out most stubbornly against Christianity ; hence our word " pagan " (pagani).
Trajan's reply to this letter directed Pliny to punish such Christians as might
be brought before him, but not to be zealous in seeking them out, and to take
no notice of anonymous accusations.

XXH. GAIUS.

154. dicis gratia. The phrases dicis causa and dicis ergo in the same sense
(= \6yov x"/"") also occur. Dicis, like vicis, is a genitive of which the
nominative is not found.

res mancipi. The word mancipium (from manus + capio) means "a tak-
ing by the hand" ; res 7nancipi Sive things that are taken possession of by
formal purchase and sale. The genitive is descriptive in its nature.

XXHI. WALL-INSCRIPTIONS.

155. LABORA ASELLE QVOMODO EGO LABORAVI ET PRO-
DERIT TIBI. A graffito from the walls of the Palatine, and probably drawn
by some slave who had been made to do a turn at the mill (pistrinum) as a
punishment (cf. Terence, A7idria, i. 2, 28). "Toil on, little ass, as I have
toiled, and much good may it do you ! "

petat. The Romans had various games of ball (pila), the most popular being
the triangular game, known ?iStrigon, which resembled the English "handball."
The following description of the Roman game is quoted (with a few slight modi-
fications) from a recent English writer : —

ROM. LIFB 16.

242 NOTES. [Pages ir5-157.

" In this favorite game of the Romans, there were no sides, but each played for
himself ; still it was a legitimate game, played for winning and losing. The follow-
ing description may, as it seems to us, best meet the accounts which we have : There
were three players standing in the form of an equilateral triangle. Each player had
one ball to start wdth, and played for his own score. He would wish both his fellow-
players to miss their strokes, and drop the ball as often as possible. He might send
his ball to either player (presumably there was some rule about sending it fairly
within their reach), and he might do so either by catching the ball which came to him
and throwing it, or by " fiving " it, so as either to strike it back to the sender {repercu-
tere) or sideways to the third player (exjmlsare) . Obviously the most disastrous
position would be receiving three balls nearly at the same time — if, for instance, his
own ball is smartly struck back to him, and almost simultaneously the tw^o others
have been sent to him; obviously, also, his easiest position was to receive only one
ball at a time with a fair interval before the next."

The winner was probably the player wiio allowed his ball to drop the fewest
times. In the game announced in this inscription Hedysius is probably a pro-
fessional player (pilicrepus) who is challenged by the other three. Two of them
play with him at a time. Amianthus signs the notice at the end. See Becq de
Fouquieres, Les Jeiix des Anciens, pp. 176-211.

156. Candida me docuit, etc. This is an adaptation of a line of Propertius

which runs : —

Cynthia me docuit castas odisse puellas.

Ad quem. " At whose house." A pentameter line.

Quisquis amat valeat, etc. An hexameter line.

lanuarias. Sc. Kalendas . . . rogo. " I ask the January Kalends for
many happy years for us." On the Kalends of January (the first), the Romans
exchanged gifts with one another, so that the year might begin with a good omen.
These gifts were called strenae, whence the modern French etrennes. Some of
them have been preserved with the formulaic wish Anno novo faustiim felix tihi
(Orelli, Inscr. 4806). Poor persons exchanged copper coins, and the rich, gold.
The Christian Fathers condemned the practice, as it was associated with the
cult of the goddess of good luck, Strenia.

LABYRINTHVS HIC HABITAT. A rough drawing of a labyrinth
found on a wall at Pompeii. The writer has, probably in jest, written LABY-
RINTHVS for the MINOTAVRVS which one would expect, remembering the
story of Theseus.

157. Sermo est ille mihi. "That's the talk, to punch holes through his
hollow chest."

Quoi . . . non. = nisi ei. Quoi is archaic and plebeian for cid.

The caricature of a soldier, given at the end of the page, was found on the
wall of a barrack that had been the quarters of a Roman garrison. The name
of Nonius Maximus was written above it, and the same name was repeated in

Pages 157-ir.9.] NOTES. 243

other places accompanied by various insulting epithets. It is thought to be a
caricature of a centurion who had made himself unpopular by his severity and
strictness. The drawing was made in red chalk.

XXIV. CORNELIUS TACITUS.

158. Agricola having led the Roman troops northward from Britain into
Caledonia, the native tribes assailed a portion of his army, and were repulsed.
They prepared, however, to renew the struggle, and when Agricola reached the
Grampian Mountains, he found the Caledonian host drawn up under its chief-
tain Galgacus, ready for a decisive battle. Tacitus puts into the mouth of this
warrior the spirited harangue given in our text. Such addresses made to an
assemblage of troops were technically styled contiones.

necessitatem nostram. " Our desperate situation."
spem ac subsidium. Hendiadys = spem subsidii.

servientium litora. The shores of Gaul, which had been thoroughly subdued
by the Romans.

159. terrarum ac libertatis. This sort of phrase is very characteristic of
Tacitus, who is continually coupling concrete and abstract nouns, the effect
being regarded as epigrammatic. At the present day, it is usually done for
giving a comic effect, as "He was clothed in rage and a long ulster."

recessus ipse ac sinus famae. " Our remoteness and the obscurity of our
name " ; famae meaning the reports about them.

omne ignotum pro magnifico. A very famous phrase.

infestiores Homani. "And the still more hostile Romans."

ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. Another striking phrase
which finds its modern equivalent in General Sebastiani's announcement that
" order reigns in Warsaw."

alibi servituri. i.e. in the Roman armies abroad.

ager atque annus. "Our yearly produce."

in frumentum. " Grain for tribute,"

silvis ac paludibus emuniendis. ' ' In clearing woods and draining
marshes."

mancipia. = servi. Abstract for concrete.

familia. The slave family, of course. See notes to p. 27.

ferocia. " High spirit."

Brigantes femina duce. The allusion is to the great revolt of the Britons
under the heroic queen of the Iceni, Boadicea (better Boudicea), in which the
Roman colonies at Camulodunum (Colchester) and Londinium (London) were
destroyed and 70,000 Romans and their allies were slain. See Tacitus, Atinales,
xiv. 31.

244 NOTES. [Pages 159-ir.2.

non in poenitentiam laturi. " Ready to sustain our freedom so as not to
feel regret."

160. tegit. " Gives shelter."
castella. "Garrisons."

aegra mancipia. In apposition with senum coloniae.

in hoc campo. "Rests on this field of battle." The spirit of the whole
harangue strikingly resembles that of the immortal lines put by Burns into the
mouth of the later Galgacus, Robert Bruce, and beginning "Scots wha hae wi'
Wallace bled."

urbes. i.e. no large cities. They had a few small towns (Tac. An7i.
i. 56).

ut fons placuit. Church and Brodribb note that the modern names of
German towns frequently end in bach (brook), feld (field), holtz (grove), icald
(wood), and bor7i (spring), thus indicating their origin ; e.g. Bergerbach, Elber-
feld, Holzbach, Sponholtz, Tannwald, Paderborn.

161. caementonim. sc. caesorum lapidum.
tegularum. The French tuile, whence Tuileries.
materia. " Building material."

subterraneos specus aperire. When the Emperor Julian (the Apostate)
was passing through the territory of the Alemanni, a deserter informed him that
the enemy had concealed themselves in a great number of subterranean caves
with intricate windings, out of which they might rush upon his troops at any
moment. (Ammian. Marc. xvii. 1 foil.) Cf. Xenophon, Anab. iv. 25.

aperire. =fodere.

hiemi. Dative.

fallunt. " Escape notice " = Xavddvovai.

quod quaerenda sunt. i.e. because it would require some considerable time
to find them.

Sagum. A Gallic word ; the modern French chagrin^ English shagreen^
shag. In Latin it regularly means the soldier's heavy cloak, and is often used
metaphorically as opposed to toga, the garb of the civilian or pekin.

maoulis pellibusque. Hendiadys = maculatis pelUbus.

brachia ac lacertos. Brachium is the forearm ; lacertus is the arm from
the elbow up. There is no word in Latin for the arm as a whole.

ad delioias muliebres. " For the finical tastes of women."

162. coniugales deos. These among the Romans were lupiter, luno,
Diana, Venus, Hymenaeus, etc.

denuntiant. " Solemnly declare."

sic vivendum. Sc. esse, depending on denuntiant.

spectaculorum. Tacitus here, as in so many other places, glances at the
demoralization of Roman society, heightened by the contrast which it presents
to the purity, simplicity, and virility of the Germans.

Pages 163-l(i5.] NOTES. 245

XXV. GAIUS SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS.

163. damnosior. " More wasteful."

a Palatio Esquilias usque, i.e. usque ad Esquilias. The celebrated
gardens of Maecenas were on the Esquiline (Hor. Sat. i. 8), and Nero now
johied them to the imperial precinct. (Tacitus, Annates, xv. 39.)

transitoriam. " Passage-way." So the Forum of Nerva at Rome was called
Forum Transitorium, as being a passage-way between the Subura and the
Forum Romanum.

incendio. Mentioned by Tacitus in the passage of the Annates, cited above.

cultu. "Adornment."

in quo . . . staret. Such that a Colossus 100 feet high could stand in it.
Pliny {H. N. xxxiv. 7) gives the height of this Colossus as 120 feet, and says
that it was the work of one Zenodorus. It represented the sun god.

porticus triplices miliarias, i.e. three porticoes, or rows of columns, each
1000 feet long.

rura insuper. Cf. Tacitus, Annates, xv. 42.

164. unionumque. The name unio was given to any large pearl {margarita)
when set as a solitaire.

tabulis eburneis versatilibus. Panels of ivory that slipped aside and let
flowers fall upon the guests.

fistulatis. So in the amphitheater, concealed pipes sprayed the spectators
with saffron-water.

albulis. Water impregnated with sulphur was called albiita aqua. Near
Tibur (modern Tivoli) were a number of sulphur springs, known as Albulae,
which made the place the Saratoga of the Romans. Of these several still remain,
and are resorted to by invalids as of old. The modern name is Bagni di Tivoli.

165. super fiduciam imperii. " Beyond the credit of the Empire."
equitis Romani. Cf. Tacitus, Annates, xvi. 1 foil.

gazae. A word derived from the Persian through the Greek yd^a.

The palace of the Caesars, to which Nero added in so remarkable a manner,
was begun by Augustus upon the site of the house formerly owned by the great
orator Hortensius, on the Palatine Hill, — a quarter already the most fashionable
in Rome. The palace erected by Augustus (a comparatively modest structure)
was dedicated by him in 26 b.c. In the year 3 a.d., this was destroyed by fire.
A public subscription, in which no person was allowed to contribute more than
one denarius (about twenty cents), raised a great sum of money for the rebuild-
ing of the palace, with the result that a much more magnificent structure was
erected. To this Tiberius added a new wing, and Caligula so added to it as to
fill with various edifices the whole space between the domus Tiberiana and the
Forum. Nero's addition overlooked the valley in which the Colosseum was

246 NOTES. [Page 165.

afterwards built. See the very interesting chapter on the subject in Lanciani's
Ancie7it Borne, pp. 106-133 ; and Middleton's Eemains of Ancient Home, vol. i.
pp. 158-219 (London, 1892).

in amphitheatro Tauri. A stone amphitheatre built in 30 b.c. by Statilius
Taurus, a distinguished guard of Augustus.

in Septis. The Septa (neuter plural) was a name used to designate a num-
ber of enclosures in the Campus Martins, in which the people were collected by
tribes or centuries at the time of the elections (comitia) to vote. Each enclosure
was originally called ovile (a pen or sheep-fold), but in imperial times the whole
site was regarded as a single structure, and finished off in marble, surrounded
by porticoes and elaborately decorated. Augustus used the place for wild beasts,
shows, etc. (Suet. Aug. 43).

edidit. The technical term for giving a show ; whence the person so giving
it is styled editor.

ex utraque regione. " From every district." Italy has been divided by
Augustus into eleven regiones.

missilia varianim rerum. The expression missilia rerum occurs again in
Suet. Aug. 98 and Nero 11. See Feck's note on the former passage. Missilia is
here to be regarded as a noun, and the expressions missilia rerum to be com-
pared with the tahularum picturas of Aug. 75.

cum obsonio. Obsonium or opsonium (6\pibvLov) is literally anything that is
eaten with bread, either fish or flesh, but also applied to relishes and dainties,
e.g. figs, olives, and even salt (Pliny, H. N. xxxii. 87 and xv. 82). The pure
Latin word is pulmentarium. See Saalfeld, Kuche unci Keller in Alt-Bom
(Berlin, 1883).

contra se. i.e. on the opposite side of the table.

codicillos. "Letters-patent."

extra ordinem. Out of the regular order (cursus honorum) in which per-
sons of senatorial rank were advanced from office to office.

Africanarum. Sc. ferarum. "African animals"; e.g. tigers, lions, pan-
thers, buffaloes, etc. At some of these imperial venationes, an extraordinary
number of wild animals were hunted and killed. Under Caligula, 400 bears
were put to death in a single day ; under Claudius, 300. Nero had 400 tigers
fight with bulls and elephants. When the Colosseum was dedicated by Titus,
5000 animals perished to celebrate the event. Fierce beasts were frequently
chained together, and thus rolled together in the bloody sand in a death struggle.
See Magnin, Origines du Theatre, pp. 445-453, and Lecky, Hist, of European
Morals, vol. i. pp. 278-282.

Troiae decursione. The so-called ludus Troiae, which was an equestrian
sham fight exhibited by boys of patriciau families. See Vergil, Aeneid, v.
.553-603. .

chrysocoUa. Pliny (//. ]V. xxxiii. 5) says that Nero used to strew the

?AGEs l()5-l()8.] NOTES. 247

track with green sand whenever he appeared himself as a charioteer of the
"Green" faction {/actio prasina) .

Commisit et subitos. "He also matched improvised fighters"; i.e. a
"scratch" band. In this sense, suhitus is opposed to expertiis. The word
subitarius is also used.

e Gelotiana. Sc. domo. The domus Gelotiana was an addition to the
imperial palace made by Caligula, who purchased a large and handsome house
from one Gelotius, and made it a sort of training school and quarters for his
jockeys, grooms, pages, etc. The house stood near the Circus, and through it
the emperor could pass unobserved to his place among the Greens. Many
graffiti have been discovered on the ruins which still remain of this building.

maenianis. A maenianum was a balcony which projected from the upper
floor of a house or other building and overhung the street. The name is said to
be derived from that of C. Maenius, censor b.c. 318 (Fest. s.h.v.).

166. aulicis. From aida (regia), the court.

in verum nepotem. i.e. the son of his own son Drusus.

els Koipavos co-Tw, etc. A quotation from Homer, H. ii. 204, where it is put
into the mouth of Odysseus.

Latiarem lovem. lupiter Latiaris, the Latin lupiter, worshiped especially
at the Feriae Latinae.

167. simulacrum . . . iconicum. A statue of exactly the same proportions
as the subject ; a portrait statue. So, also, effigies iconica (Pliny, H. N. xxxiv.

4).

magisteria sacerdotii. " The chief places in the priesthood." Those who
took precedence of their fellow priests were called magistri. These offices were
probably held for life {perpetua)^ but temporarily (vicibus) under Caligula. It
must be remembered that these apparently sacred offices were largely political
in their nature, and were sought for the honor they conferred by men who had
no religious belief whatever. Thus lulius Caesar was pontifex maximus^ though
little better than an atheist himself.

generatim per singulos dies. i.e. flamingoes on one day, moor-fowls on
the next, peacocks on the next, etc.

ceteros ordines. "Persons of other classes."

equitem. Generic singular = equites.

decimas. A word meaning the gifts bestowed upon the people (Cicero, De
Officiis, ii. 17 ; Suet. Gnlba, 15). It probably gets its significance from the fact
that in the early days of Home, victors and persons in luck generally used to
give a tenth part of their gains to Hercules. (Macrob. Sat. iii. 12 ; cf. Livy, v. 21) .

equestria. The first fourteen rows in the theater assigned to the equites by
the Roscian law.

paegniarios. From iralyuLov, a plaything.

168. a calvo ad calvum. Literally "from baldhead to baldhead." Pre-

248 NOTES. [Pages 168-171.

sumably a baldheaded man stood at each end of the line ; hence the expression
signifies all of them, — " the whole outfit."

169. Atellanae. A species of native comedy usually acted by amateurs.

verbosum in historia. Livy's history was in 142 books.

respondere. The technical term used of the official opinions on points of
law given by the great jurisconsults, and having the force of a judicial inter-
pretation.

praeter eum. For praeter se. When the words of another are quoted in
the oratio obliqiia, the exact use of the pronoun is occasionally neglected. This
is especially true of the later Latin writers. For instances, see Val. Max. v. 1,
3 ; percontahatur an ea quae ad aures eius pervenerant dixissent ; and Eutrop.
vii. 11 ; cum tanti se non esse dixisset ut propter Y.\:yi civile helium commoveretur.
A second instance in Suetonius is probably to be found in Nero^ 31, but the
reading there is disputed.

XXVI. PUBLIUS AELIUS HADRIANUS.

170. Ego nolo Caesar esse. The verse is the popular trochaic dimeter
based upon accent and not upon syllabic quantity. Thus, ego, Idti-, scythi-,
culi- are to be regarded as trochees, though properly they are pyrrhics, w w

171. tabernas. In earlier Latin, taherna meant "shop." Later it takes on
its modern restrictive sense "tavern."

popinas. An Oscan form, the p representing the Latin q. Kence, popina
would have been in a pure Latin form coquina (coquo). The word meant
properly "cook shop," or " eating house," where ready cooked food was sold,
and is hence distinguished from caupona, a place devoted to the sale of drinks ;
but practically there was little difference, so that popiiio means a debauchee.
See Macrobius, Sat. vii. 14.

Animula, blandula, vagula. This beautiful verse has always been the
despair of translators. The latest attempt at rendering it into metrical English
is that contained in Cottabos for 1894. The nearest approach to the spirit and
grace of the original is found in Pope's famous paraphrase, beginning : —

" Vital spark of heavenly flame,
Quit, oh quit this mortal frame.
Trembling, hoping, lingering, sighing,
O the pain, the bliss of dying ! "

rigida. "Unyielding." In this short verse of five lines, there are three
&ira^ Xeyo/xeva (^vagula, blandula, nudula), while pallidula occurs in only one
other place.

Pages 172-173.] NOTES. 249

XXVII. TESTAMENTUM PORCELLL

172. In the MSS., the testamentum has prefixed to it the words Incipit

TESTAMENTUM PORCELLI.

M. Grunnius Corocotta. Gruimius is from grunnio, "to grunt" ; Coro-
cotta suggests x^^po^ I ^^^^ editors cite Porphyrius, who says that in India the
hyena is called by the natives KopoKdrra. Now the word hyena (vaiva) is
properly the feminine form of vs, "a hog," given to the hyena because of his
bristling, hog-like mane. Hence a sort of connection is established between the
name corocotta and a pig. Several ancient writers (e.g. -^lian and Pliny) use
the word of an Indian or African animal.

Magirus. Gk. fidyeipos, meaning both "a cook" and "a butcher" ; both
meanings here uniting, unfortunately for M. Grunnius.

solivertiator. Haupt regards this word as = fiigitivus^ because of the follow-
ing words : fugitive porcelle ; but we should in this case have a very pointless
tautology. For solum verte7'e = fugere, see Cic. Pro Caec. 100; Petron. 81;
and Juv. xi. 49. The word is a dira^ Xeyd/j-evov.

dirimo. Colloquial present for future.

puer. The attendant slave, — a kitchen helper.

ut hunc porcellum faciam cruentum. The true nursery-tale way of putting
it, — "so that I can make this little pig all bloody." A delightfully horrible
sentence, and well adapted to give the small Roman a delicious shiver.

sub die XVI Kal. Lucerninas. All editors have given up this expression
in despair, as the Kalendae Lucerninae are nowhere else named. It is possibly
a joke to denote the time of the year just preceding the season when the days
begin to grow short and the evenings long, — ' ' the month when we begin to use
candle light."

Clibanato et Piperato. From clihanus (KXL^apos), an earthen or iron pot
(Apic. vii. 5); amd piper, pepper.

clamavit ad se. An archaic use of the verb, retained in the plebeian Latin.
It has here the sense simply of vocare, as in the Romance forms of the same
verb cMamare, llamar, cliamar. Haupt cites Martial, i. 49 ; veniet tibi conviva
clamatus, i.e. vocatus.

dimitteret. Here in its legal sense "renounce," "bequeath " ; cf. line 29.

173. Verrino Lardino. From verves, a boar, and lardum, bacon.

do lego dari. Legal amplification. " I give and bequeath" ; cf. dabo donaho
below.

Veturinae. Probably formed from vetus like the ordinary proper name
Veturius.

Laconicae siliginis. This wheat is mentioned in Pliny, H. N. xviii. 10.

Quirrinae. Possibly formed to suggest xo'^pos (as if Xoipivr}), as Salmasius

250 NOTES. [Page 173.

suggested ; but better from quirrito, " to queek" (see p. 16, line 55, of the poem
on the nightmgale). Hence we have written it Quirrinae rather than Quirinae,
which last is preferred by Haupt.

votum. "Wedding," or "betrothal" ; cf. the Codex Theodosianus, iii. 5,
7. Si pater pactum de nuptiis Jiliae inierit et . . . ad vota 7ion potuerit pervenire,
id inter sponsos firmum ratumque permaneat^ etc.

dabo donabo. Words continually coupled together usually omit the con-
nective et ; cf. comminus eminus, siwsiim deorsum, prima postrema, hue illiic,
etc.

sutoribus saetas. i.e. for their waxed ends.

rixoribus. Probably the same as rixatoribus, "brawlers." One MS. does,
in fact, read here rixatoribus.

capitinam. A word found only here and of unknown meaning. Possibly it
is a plebeian equivalent for caput in the sense of cerebrum^ so often used by the
Latin writers as the seat of wrath, hot temper, etc. ; cf. Horace, Sat. i. 5, 21,
given on p. 90, cerebrosus prosilit unus ; and Sat. i. 9, 11, 0 te, Bolane, cerebri
felicem.

surdis auriculas. Because a pig's sense of hearing is very keen.

bubulariis. Others here read botulariis, but this would be anticipating the
isiciariis, which does not differ in meaning. Render "butchers."

isiciariis. From Io-Iklov, a dish of collops ; whence also the Latin insicia and
insicium, "force meat." The form insiciarius is elsewhere used.

pueris vesicam. To inflate and tie to the end of a stick, as boys do in
modern times, using it to give their companions harmless blows of tremendous
sound.

ungulas. Here to be rendered "claws" for comic effect; cf. Plant. Pseud.
iii. 2, 63.

nee nominando coco, "The cook who deserves no mention " ; "the un-
speakable cook."

popiam et pistillum. " His ladle and pestle." Popia = the Gk. ^cjfjL-npvais.

de Tebeste usque ad Tergeste. " From Dan to Beersheba." Apparently
a proverbial expression. Tebeste or Theveste was probably a city of Numidia
(Orelli, Inscript. 3575). Tergeste is the modern Trieste.

liget coUo de reste. i.e. liget reste ex collo. The same construction with
de is found below in line 40 : bene condiatis de bonis condimentis, and appears
to have been common in the language of cookery ; cf. Apicius, iv. 2, iv. 5, vii.
2, viii. 8 (Haupt).

ex litteris. A use of ex, also common in Apicius, and presumably formulaic
in Roman cook books; cf. Apicius, iii. 15: apium coques ex aqua nitrata ; id.
iv. 1, iv. 2, V. 1, vii. 4, and often.

consules vitae. An unusual meaning of consul = consulens, but paralleled
in Vopiscus, Firm. 3 : lovem consulem ; and Apuleius, De Mundo, 25.

Pages 173, 17t).] NOTES. 261

nuclei, nucleus {nuculeus) is the diminutive of nux; it may possibly be
used here yf\i\\ piperis in the compound sense oi pepper-corn. See Apicius, viii.
7, where nuclei piperis are included in the seasoning of pork.

in medio testamento. Perhaps we should read here in meo testamento with
our MS.

Lardio. From lardum, " bacon." See Verritis Lardinus above.

Ofellicus. From ofella, dimin. of offa, a chop or cutlet.

Cyminatus. From cyma, a young cabbage.

Lucanicus. From luca^iica, a kind of sausage meat much liked by the
Lucanians ; cf. Cicero, Ad Fam. ix. 16 : soleham antea delectari oleis et luca-
nicis tuis; Martial, xiii. 35. Its composition is given by Apicius, ii. 4.

Tergillus. From tergilla, a rind of pork ; a word found only in Apicius, iv.
3, and the Gloss. Fhilox.

Celsinus. A name that suggests the dish called by Apicius (viii. 7) porcellus
Celsinianus.

Nuptialicus. The significance of the name is not clear. Haupt suggests
that it refers to some preparation of pork used at wedding feasts (iiuptiae)^ pork
being, next to fish, the dish most favored by the Romans. Salmasius conjec-
tures Botulicus from botulus.

signavit. These seven pigs all sign the will as witnesses, though in line 2,
the pig who makes the will says that he is unable to write a will with his own
hand, and so has to dictate it, — a slight inconsistency on the part of the author.

Explicit. A word found in later Latin at the end of books, probably for ex-
plicitus {liber est), but here for explicitum (testamentum est) ; cf. Mart. xi. 107, 1.

Clibanato et Piperato. See above, line 15.

feliciter. A word of good omen placed at the end of books and other writ-
ings. St. Jerome says (Epist. 28, 4): Sulemus completis opusculis ad distinc-
tionem ret alterius sequentis, medium interponere Explicit aut Feliciter aut
aliquid istius modi.

It is to be noted that though the general form of a Roman will is observed in
the Testamentum, and although the seven witnesses carefully sign, such a will
as this would be invalid as no heir (heres) is mentioned in it, there being only
legatees (legatarii) . Hence the burlesque is probably not the work of a lawyer.

XXVIII. AULUS GELLIUS.

176. illam talem. " Such a shrew as that."

ioris. Abl. of place ; foras, ace. of direction.

satura Menippea. Menippus was a Cynic philosopher who lived about 60 b.c.
The works embodying his teaching were cast in satirical form. They are all
lost, but some fragments remain of Varro's Saturae, written in imitation of him.

minimo. The special names of the fingers are : pollex, thumb ; index, or

252 NOTES. [Pages 176-182.

salutaris, forefinger ; medius, infamis, or impudicus, middle finger ; minimo
proximus, or medicinalis, ring finger ; and minimus, little finger,

quas. "Which (operations)" ; by attraction to dvarofxas.

pergere ac pervenire. Gellius is extremely fond of using pairs of words,
generally with alliteration, which together mean little, if any more, than either
would mean alone. The fondness for this usage is still more strongly developed
in modern German, and may also be illustrated from prayer-book English.

177. Democriti. A celebrated philosopher, born at Abdera, in Thrace,
about 460 b.c, who, with Leucippus, was the founder of the Atomic Theory.
His writings covered a wide range of mathematics, grammar, music, and philosophy.

178. Archytas. A distinguished philosopher of the Pythagorean school, a
contemporary of Plato. He was a practical mechanician as well as a theoretical
mathematician. His wooden flying dove was one of the wonders of antiquity.

Favorinus. A philosopher of Aries who lived during Hadrian's reign.

Milo Crotoniensis. A famous athlete who was victor twelve times in the
Olympian and Pythian games. He is mentioned by Herodotus, iii. 137.

Olympiade. The period of four years between the Olympian Games. As
the latter were held in July, any year b.c. belongs half to one year and half to
the next of an Olympiad. The record of victors at Olympus began in 776 b.c.
but this system of reckoning was apparently first systematically adopted by
Alexandrian writers in the third century b.c.

Arion. A celebrated Greek bard and musician of Methymna, in Lesbos, who
spent most of his life at the court of Periander. Of his life, little is known
beyond the story here given. A fragment of a hymn ascribed to him, but really
belonging to a later period, is contained in Bergk's Poetae Lyrici Graeci, p. 566.

179. Periander. Tyrant of Corinth, 625 to 585 b.c. ; commonly reckoned
among the seven sages of Greece. He was a patron of literature and art, but
harsh in his rule and cruel in his private life.

orthium. The carmen orthium (pSfios 6pdLos) was a sort of dithyrambic ode,
without, however, any antistrophe or refrain, usually sung to the lyre or flute,
and pitched in a very high key. The tune seems to have been a very familiar
one among the Greeks, as may be inferred from the passage in the Knights of
Aristophanes, 1279, with which compare Herodotus, i. 24, where we first find it
mentioned, and Aristotle, Probl. 19, 37.

XXIX. CHRISTIAN HYMNS.

182. Veni, redemptor gentium. This hymn has been paraphrased by J.
Frank in one of the noblest German hymns, " Koram, Heidenheiland, Losegeld."

Geminae gigas substantiae. The "giants" of Genesis, vi. 4, were in
legend of two natures or substances, being sons of the angels who came down
and united with the "daughters of men." "In the double substance of the

Pages 182-185.] NOTES. 253

giants thus born of heaven and earth, Ambrose sees a reference to Him who in
like manner was of twofold nature, divine and human" (Trench).

Egressus eius, etc. Cf. the Nineteenth Psalm.

183. Dies irae. This magnificent hymn, of which the best known verses are
given in our text, is said to have first appeared in a missal made at Venice about
1250, and is one of the five " Sequences" of the Roman Church, having its place
in the Missa in Commemoratione Omnhim Fidelium Defunctorum. Its proper
title is De Novissimo ludicio, " On the Last Judgment." The text established
by the Council of Trent is slightly different from that of the older missals, and a
still different version appears on a marble tablet of uncertain date in a church
of the Franciscan Order at Mantua. On the probable authorship of the hymn,
see Mohnike, Hymnologische Forschungen, vol. i. pp. 1-24.

No more impressive specimen of ecclesiastical Latinity exists. Its stupendous
theme finds an apt expression in the stately language, and in the solemnity of
the verse with its triple beat, which, as Guericke says, makes the innermost soul
tremble as with three blows of a hammer. In modern literature, it plays an
important part, being introduced, for instance, with thrilling effect by Goethe
in his Faust ; and in music it has received interpretations from the genius of
Palestrina, Haydn, Cherubini, and Mozart. Though it defies translation, it has
been many times rendered into English, the versions of Crashaw, Macaulay,
Lord Lindsay, Roscommon, Williams, Drummond, and in our own country of
the late General Dix, being the best. Perhaps the most successful representa-
tion in English of the spirit of the original is found in the paraphrase of a portion
of it by Sir Walter Scott, at the end of the Lay of the Last Minstrel^ beginning :

" * That day of wrath, that dreadful day,
When heaven and earth shall pass away,
What power shall be the sinner's stay ? ' "

In German there are versions by Herder, Fichte, and Schlegel, among others.
See Fifty Versions of the Dies Irae in the Dublin Beview for 1882.

Teste David cum Sibylla. Some read here teste Petro, referring to 2 Peter
iii. 7-11, while others, who object to the insertion of a heathen Sibyl into a Chris-
tian hymn, have altered the whole line to Crucis expandens vexilla (Matt. xxiv.
30). But the thought of the line is evidently "both Jew and pagan bearing
witness." For the witness of David, cf. Psalms xcvi. 13 ; xcvii. 3 ; xi. 6 ; as for
the heathen testimony, cf. Vergil, Fcl. iv. See also Lactantius, Inst. Div. viL
16-24.

185. Ut iucundas cervus undas. A reminiscence of the beautiful psalm
beginning, ' ' Like as the hart desireth the water brooks, so longeth my soul
after thee, 0 God."

INDEX TO THE NOTES.

[the references are to the pages of the book.]

accentual verse, 192, 248
Acheloiis, 213
actors at Rome, 195
adire Corinthum., 224
Albius Ovidius luventinus,
alhulae, 245 [190

alliteratiou, 192, 193
Amphitheatrum Tauri, 24(5
Anna Perenna, 225
Antonius Miisa, 233
Anxur, 221
Aonia, 225

otTra^ Xeyoixeva, 203, 228, 248

apoculamus, 231

apophoreti, 230

Archias, 211

Archytas, 252

Aricia, 220

Arion, 252

aspirates in Latin, 207

astrology, 219

atoms, Latin words for, 200

Atellanae, 248

atramentum, 212

audeo, 196

augurs, 211

aulaeum, 215

Ausonia, 225

Avernus, 218

ball, Roman games of, 224,

241, 242
Basia of Johannes Secun-

dus, 205
hasium, 176
baubor, 203
birds as pets, 204
-bo, futures in, 198

Boadicea, 243
botulus, 230
bracchium, 244
Briareus, 216
Brown, Tom, quoted, 235
bulla, 230

Cacus, 227
Callisto, 226
camillus, 189
canis, canicula, 214
capitina, 250
carmen orthium, 252
Carnutes, 209
Cato the Censor, 211
Catullus and Caesar, 205
cedo, cette, 195
Celsinus, 251
cena, 228
Centauri, 216
cento, 199
Cerberus, 217
cerussa, 235
charms, 189
Charon, 217

cheese made by the Ro-
mans, 213
Chimaera, 216
chommoda, 207
Christians at Rome, 240,
chrijsocolla, 246 [241

cicada, worn at Athens, 213
Cicero in exile, 212
ciconia, 191

claque at Rome, the, 225
Clibanatus, 249
clocks, 221
Clodius Pulcher, 212
254

coaxo, 192

Cocytus, 216

colloquial Latinity, 189,

207,222,223,229,230,231,

249, 250
co7nisso)% 194
congius, 198
coniugales dei, 244
consul = consulens, 250
convivia temptestiva, 211
cook-book Latinity, 250
Copa, 213
Corocotta, 249
corporal punishment in

Roman schools, 234
Corns, 190
cosmetics used by Roman

women, 235
crocus, 230

curtains in theaters, 215
Cyclops, 215
Cyminatus, 251

dabo donabo, 250

dacruma, 194

Daunia, 219

days, how reckoned, 209

decima, 247

deducere as a technical

term, 223
Democritus, 252
dice, 214
dlcis gratia, 241
Dies Irae, MS. of the, 253 ;

translations of the, 253
digiti, 191, 252
digitus infamis, 191
diminutives in Latin, 206

INDEX 10 THE NOTES.

255

dimittere as a legal term,
249

ding-dong theory of lan-
guage, the, 202

Dis, 210

dog-days, 220

doniinus, as a title, 240

dormice as delicacies, 229

dracuma, 193

drosca, 191

Druids, 208

Echinus, 223
eculeus, 219
edepol, 197

Epicurean view of death,
emeralds, 232 [199

epistolary forms, 212
est locanda, 240
eum = se, 248
Eumenides, 216
eumpse, 196
Euphranor, 236
Evander, 226

evolution in ancient phi-
losophy, 201
explicit at end of books, 251

familia, 197, 198

Favorinus, 252

faxo, 197

feliciter at end of books,

feriae, 197 [251

fire, ancient methods of

producing, 203
fingers, Latin names for

the, 251
Fons Bandusiae, 220
Forde, Thomas, quoted.
Forum Appi, 221 [235

Forum Cupedinis, 196
Forum Transitorium, 245

Gauls, gods of the, 209
gaza, 245

Gelotiana domus, 247
genitives in the fourth de-
clension, 196
German place-names, 244
Germans, caves used by
the, 244

Geryon, 227

ghost, Latin names for, 240

" giants " of Genesis, 262

gif/afi, 252

glass, use of in antiquity,

glis, 229 [214

glotioro, 191

Goldast, 190

Gorgones, 216

graffiti, 241, 242

Grunnius, 249

gustatio, 228

H in Latin, 208
H. M. H. N. S., 222
hair, false, 235
Harpyiae, 214
Hecate, 217

Hellenomania at Rome,
Helvetii, 210 [207

Hercynia Silva, 210
hetaeriae, 241
hocus pocus, 189
hospitia, 220
houses to let, 240
huat, hanat, huat, 189
Hydaspes, 219
Hymenaeus, 206

iconicum. simulacrum, 247

Idalius Mons, 206

illi as a locative form, 194

ink, 212

inns, 220

insulting gestures, 191

isiciarii, 250

Ithaca, 215

luba, 219

lupiter Latiaris, 247

ins anuli, 229

Ixion, 218

jewels, Roman fondness

for, 232
Jews at Home, 224
Johannes Secundus, 205
Johnson, Dr. Samuel,

quoted, 238

Kalendae Lucerninae, 249
kiss, Latin names for, 196 '

Kisses of Johannes Secun-
dus, 205

Lalage, 219

lalla, 189

Lallworter, 189

language, origin of, 202

Laocoon, 214

Lapithae, 218

lar, 196

Latercidus of Polemius
Silvius, 190

Latin peoples, their dread
of the sea, 202

Lerna, 216

Lesbia, 204

letters, forms used in, 212

litteras nescire, 233

Lollia Paulina, 232

Lucanicus, 251

Lucretius, his view of
death, 199; of prehis-
toric man, 201 ; of civil-
ization, 201 ; of the origin
of language, 201

ludus Troiae, 246

lympha, 220

lytta, 232

Macaulay, Lord, quoted,

made, 227 [227

Maecenas, his love of life,
219 ; gardens of, 245

Maenalus Mons, 213

maenianum, 247

Magirus, 249

riiagisteria sacerdotii, 247

Mamertine Prison, 238

mancipium, 241, 243

Marsyas, 223

maxims, 189, 190, 205, 210,

meals, 221, 228 [223-225

Milo, 252

Minos, 217

Misenum Promontorium,

Misenus, 215 [239

missilia rerum, 246

"Mister," Latin equiva-
lent for, 240

mock-heroics, 221

modius, 198

256

INDEX T(^ THE XOTES.

nauticus cantus, 190

nervus, 234

nescio = nequeo, 220

New Year's presents, 242

nucleus, 251

nudus, 234

Nuptialicus, 251

oaths for men and women,
ohsonium, 246 [197

Oeta, 107
Ofellicus, 251
olli, 217

Olympiads, 252
omens, 22(5
onomatopoeias, 18^>-191,

202, 215
Opici, Osci, 233, 236
Orcus, 216
orthium carmen, 252

paganus, 241

Palace of the Caesars, 2^5,

246
Palatium, 226
panther, old etymology of,

191
pareehesis, 192, 193
paromjchia, 228
parrots, 191
patria potestas, 209
Penates, 215
Periander, 252
perniciter, 207
pet names in Latin, 195
Phlegethon, 217
Phlegyas, 218
phonetic types, Heyse's

theory of, 202
pilleus, 230
Pirithoiis, 218
plague at Athens, the, 204
Plautus, proper names in,

195, 196
Pliny's alleged priggish-

ness, 239
Polemius Silvias, 190
poUtor, 198
Polyclitus, 236
Pomptina Palus, 238
Pons Suhlicius, 227

Pope quoted, 248

popia, 250

popina, 248

popular etymologies, 191

popular prosody, 192, 248

postal service of the Ro-
mans, 213

Priapus, 221

Propertius parodied, 242

X>rosequi, 223

puellula, 206

pugillares, 240

puer, 221

2mto, 198

Pyrrhus, 194

Pythagoreans as vegeta-
rians, 236

Quirriua, 249

repetition of sound, 192,
I'espondere, 248 [193

Rhadamanthus, 218
rixor. 250

sacramentum, 240

sagum, 244

St. Anthony's fire, 204

Salii, 224

Salmoneus, 218

satura Meuippea, 251

Saturnalia, 198

savium, 196

Schleicher's Italo-Keltic

theory, 198
Scipios, tomb of the, 192
Scott, Sir Walter, quoted,
Scythia, 226 [253

semis, 198
Septa, 246
sertum, 213

sestertius, sign for the, 198
sic habet, 223
siet, 197
slaves, 197, 199
spittle as a charm, 189
spoons, 229
sportula, 237
strophium, 214
Syrtes, 219
strenae, 242

strigil, 237
Styx, 217

taherna, 213, 248

Tacitus, phrases of, 243

tali, 214

Tebeste, 250

teeth, artificial, used by

the Romans, 235
Tenedos, 214
Tergeste, 250
tesserae, 214

testamentum porcelli, 249
teste David cum Sibylla,
Teucer, 217 [253

Theseus, 218
Titanes, 218
Tityus, 218
tmesis, 200
toothpicks, 229
toral, 229
trigon, 224
Trimalchio, 227
Tullianum, 238

Ucalegon, 236
unio, 245
utilltas, 203

vapulo, 237
Varius, L., 222
venationes, 246
A^errius Lardinus, 249
versipellis, 231
Vestae templum, 222
vilicus, 197
vitam ccrnere, 194
vltrum, 214
votum = nuptiae, 250

wedding ceremonies

among the Romans, 205
werewolves, 231
wild beasts, slaughter of,
wine, how kept, 213 [246
writing materials, 212

Yankee Doodle, meter of,
219

zonam solvere, 206

Date Due 1

gtiubU^ IWi

JIJN Z 1963

RFT'fl MA^'

0 p iQri

i^Li u ivmY

^0 lybJ

Demco 293-5

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

1 1719 02753 7663

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Full text of "Roman life in Latin prose and verse; illustrative readings from Latin literature"

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